Environment variable
Environment variables are a set of dynamic named values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer.
They are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.
They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and OS X. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.
Details
In all Unix and Unix-like systems, each process has its own separate set of environment variables. By default, when a process is created, it inherits a duplicate environment of its parent process, except for explicit changes made by the parent when it creates the child. At the API level, these changes must be done between running fork and exec. Alternatively, from command shells such as bash, a user can change environment variables for a particular command invocation by indirectly invoking it via env or using the ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE=VALUE <command> notation. All Unix operating system flavors, DOS, and Windows have environment variables; however, they do not all use the same variable names. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration purposes.
CLS
CLS may refer to:
Academic fields
Education
Societies and associations
Software and technology
CLS (command)
In computing, CLS (for clear screen) is a command used by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows operating systems to clear the screen or console window of commands and any output generated by them. It does not clear the user's history of commands, however. The command is also available in the DEC RT-11 operating system. In other environments, such as Linux and Unix, the same functionality is provided by the clear command.
While the ultimate origins of using the three-character string CLS as the command to clear the screen likely predate Microsoft's use, this command was present before its MS-DOS usage, in the embedded ROM BASIC dialects Microsoft wrote for early 8-bit microcomputers (such as TRS-80 Color BASIC), where it served the same purpose. The MS-DOS dialects of BASIC written by Microsoft, BASICA and GW-BASIC, also have the CLS command as a BASIC keyword - as do various non-Microsoft implementations of BASIC such as BBC BASIC found on the BBC Micro computers. The CLS command is also present in BASIC versions for Microsoft Windows, however this generally clears text printed on the form, rather than the whole screen or controls on the form.
Relapse
In medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition. For example, MS or malaria often exhibit peaks of activity and sometimes long periods of dormancy.
In the context of drug use, relapse or reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, is a form of spontaneous recovery that involves the recurrence of pathological drug use after a period of abstinence. Relapse is often observed in individuals who have developed a drug addiction or either form of drug dependence.
Causes
Substances that may cause addiction or dependence include:
- Benzodiazepines (i.e.: Xanax)
- Opioids activate or block opioid receptors in the brain typically to reduce the effect of pain. Some common opioids are:
- Alcohol produces disinhibition in the nervous system when introduced, and it depresses the frontal cortex while speeding up the rest of the brain. This can lead to decreased ability to perceive and evaluate risks and make good decisions, and other characteristics of what is commonly known as intoxication.
Relapse (Ministry album)
Relapse is the twelfth studio album by industrial metal band Ministry, which was released on March 23, 2012 through 13th Planet Records. It was recorded in the wake of their three year hiatus from November 2008 to August 2011 as well as Al Jourgensen's near-death experience in 2010.
Background
Relapse is Ministry's first studio album featuring original material since 2007's The Last Sucker, marking the longest gap, to date, between their studio albums. The band previously broke up in 2008 and Jourgensen had since stated that a reunion would never happen. In the November 2008 issue of Hustler Magazine, Jourgensen said that the reason they were breaking up was that they "take up so much time" as well as the hassle of getting out new albums. He also said he was responsible for six other bands and can get seven albums done a year while not working on new Ministry material.
Storyteller (Carrie Underwood album)
Storyteller is the fifth studio album recorded by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood. It was released on October 23, 2015, through Sony Music Nashville. Following the release and success of her fourth studio album, Blown Away, Underwood began work on Storyteller in early 2014. However, she tentatively suspended most work on the album because of her pregnancy with her first child. In the midterm, Underwood released her first compilation record, Greatest Hits: Decade #1, on December 9, 2014 to much success. After the birth of her son, she took some additional time off before going back into the studio in early 2015 to finish working on the album.
Underwood drew inspiration for the title of the album from the storytelling aspect of country music, as well as her own songs. Storyteller has been described by Underwood as being more laid-back and more twangy as opposed to the her last studio album. Unlike her previous four albums, Underwood worked with multiple producers on Storyteller, including her longtime record producer Mark Bright, as well as Zach Crowell and Jay Joyce.
