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Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia sandwicensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Tribe: Vinceae
Genus: Rauvolfia
L.[1]
Type species
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., 1753[2]
Species

About 85 species known.

Rauvolfia (also spelled Rauwolfia) is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. The genus is named to honor Leonhard Rauwolf. The approximately 85 species in the genus can mainly be found in tropical regions. Rauvolfia caffra is the South African quinine tree.

Contents

Chemical constituents [link]

Rauvolfia serpentina, commonly known as or Indian Snakeroot or Sarpagandha, contains a number of bioactive chemicals, including ajmaline, aricine, corynanthine, deserpidine lankanescine rauwolscine, rescinnamine, reserpine, reserpiline, isoreserpine, isoreserpiline, serpentinine, and yohimbine.[citation needed]

Medicinal uses [link]

Reserpine is an alkaloid first isolated from R. serpentina and was widely used as an antihypertensive drug.[citation needed] It had drastic psychological side effects and has been replaced as a first-line antihypertensive drug by other compounds that lack such adverse effects, although combination drugs that include it are still available in some countries as second-line antihypertensive drugs.[citation needed]

Other plants of this genus are also used medicinally, both in conventional western medicine and in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine.[citation needed] Alkaloids in the plants reduce blood pressure, depress activity of the central nervous system and act as hypnotics.[citation needed]

Conservation [link]

Rauvolfia serpentina is declining in the wild due to collection for its medicinal uses.[3] Consequently, it is listed in CITES Appendix II.[4] Rauvolfia vomitoria is a highly invasive species in Hawaiʻi, and is capable of establishing dense monotypic stands.

Precautions [link]

Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or plan pregnancy in the near future should not ingest Rauvolfia plants or preparations made from them.[citation needed] They may also be harmful for people with any chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, such as stomach or duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (reflux esophagitis), ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticulosis.[citation needed] No "safe" dosage has been established.

Selected species [link]

References [link]

  1. ^ "Rauvolfia L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-03-14. https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10272. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  2. ^ "Rauvolfia L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://tropicos.org/Name/40022964. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  3. ^ "India’s wild medicinal plants threatened by over-exploitation". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008-11-24. https://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/index.cfm?uNewsID=2326. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  4. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species. 2009-05-22. https://www.cites.org/eng/app/e-appendices.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  5. ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989) (PDF). Hao. United States Forest Service. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Rauvolfia_sandwicensis.pdf. 
  6. ^ "Subordinate Taxa of Rauvolfia L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40022964. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
Sympatholytic (and closely related) antihypertensives (C02)
Sympatholytics
(antagonize α-adrenergic
vasoconstriction)
Central
Adrenergic release inhibitors
Peripheral
Indirect
Direct
Non-selective α blocker
Other antagonists
dual (Bosentan) • selective (Ambrisentan, Sitaxentan)

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PLAYLIST TIME:

Chasin Heavin Raisin Hell

by: Ray Luv

(Link crew hustlas in this muthafucka)
Everyday I spend in my life, I'm just trying to get my hustle right
I'm on the block chasing mail all day, raisin hell all day
Life's been crazy for me, since the day I could see
Momma died, couldn't cry till I turned 23
Harden my heart to this cold world, grew up a G
Hit up my homies with the same sign they threw up to me
As we got older, I had bigger plans I wanted to fly
18 years old, ready to ride, ready to die
Drinking liquor with the hardest niggas ever alive
Then I realized, only the smartest soldiers survive
I'm chasing heaven cause we living in hell
So we give'em hell around the clock until we living well
And then it might stop
But if not then I guess it's on till we drop off the planet
I lost another friend to jealousy and can't understand it
Found out, most soldiers fall in the heat of the panic
And get to killing they own in this ghetto titanic
I got to hand it to my father, though I took him for granted
He told me, life is what you make it and not how you planned it
What do the future hold when all we ever do is damage
Growing up mannish, I wonder how my son will manage
I pray I to go to heaven through all the drama will I recover
I got enemies that want me and won't rest till I suffer
What do I do?
[Chorus x2]
Everyday I spend in my life, I'm just trying to get my hustle right
I'm on the block chasing mail all day, raisin hell all day
Everyday and Every night, I find another way to make it right
I blaze the weed to the hell go away, Chasing heaven while I bell all day
When I was 17, times could not have been no better
My and my homie wrote raps, smoked, kicked it together
Wore eachother clothes, even stuck hoes together
Small time dreaming of signing doing shows for chedder
Two young niggas, I guess we didn't know no better
Thought we was invincible real niggas live forever
30 white boys jumped up and nobody ran
handle them Nigga as best as you can
And when you finish niggas bail
Before the rollers catch us again
It's out sight, under the street light fighting with friends
Remember tossing ho's, getting them for the last of they ends
And hit the movie with a blunt or two, drinking on gin
Just the California lifestyle, juvenile sin
Grew up and caught case, both sent to the pen
And even though we went our own ways, we'll meet in the end
I'm raising hell till I see you again
Until then I'm just
[Chorus x2]
My Whole life I guess I always wanted a lover like me
Ambitious, smart and driven from the gutter like me
A little sexy something, something independent and free
With a fuck'em attitude and only listen to me
But all I see is dirty rats, just begging for cheese
Trying to be the baby momma of a nigga with G's
Soon as you leave, the next nigga be fucking with ease
And if you shake that bitch, she'll be fucking the three's
Baby please, I need woman that can roll the weed
Not a gossipy ass hoochie telling all she sees
Sexy and fearless, if they coming not afraid to squeeze
And let'em have it if they need be
I need a soldier like my sistian
First one to bomb when we get it on
And when I'm buckwild, always know how to calm me down
But if I lose her and you happened to find her
Then player know, you got a hell raising rider for sho (A hell raising rider fa sho)




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