The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews is one of the oldest and most prestigious golf clubs in the world (the oldest being the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers at Muirfield). It is based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, and is regarded as the worldwide "Home of Golf".[1] Formerly, it was also one of the governing authorities of the game, but in 2004 this role was handed over to a newly formed group of companies, collectively known as The R&A.
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History [link]
The organisation was founded in 1754 as the Society of St Andrews Golfers, a local golf club playing at St Andrews Links, but quickly grew in importance. In 1834, King William IV became its patron and the club became known under its present name. In 1897, the Society codified the rules of golf, and, gradually over the next 30 years, was invited to take control of the running of golf tournaments at other courses.
The R&A [link]
The R&A is the ruling authority of golf throughout the world except the United States and Mexico, where this responsibility rests with the United States Golf Association (USGA). It works in collaboration with national amateur and professional golf organisations in more than one hundred and ten countries.
The R&A cooperates with the USGA in producing and regularly revising the "Rules of Golf", and the two bodies have issued the rules jointly since 1952. They also collaborate on the corresponding exegetic work, the "Decisions on the Rules of Golf". The R&A is also involved in formulating technical specifications for golfing equipment. Dr Steve Otto is the technical Director at the R and A. The R and A is based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
The R&A founded what is now the Official World Golf Ranking for male professionals in 1986, and the World Amateur Golf Ranking for male amateurs in 2007.
Committees of the R&A [link]
- The Rule and Equipment Committee
- The Course Management Committee
- The Championship Committee
- The Amateur Status Committee
- The Golf Development Committee
- The External Fund Committee
- The General Committee
- The Research Committee
Championships [link]
The R&A organises 11 championships and international matches:
- The Open Championship: one of the four major championships in men's golf.
- The Amateur Championship: which was one of the four major championships before the professional game became dominant and is still one of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world.
- Boys Amateur Championship: for boys under the age of 18 at midnight on 1 January of the relevant year.
- Boys Home Internationals: a team competition for boys from England, Scotland, Wales and All-Ireland.
- Seniors Open Amateur Championship: for male amateurs aged 55 or over on the first day of competition.
- British Mid-Amateur Championship: for amateurs aged 25 and over. This tournament was introduced to provide an elite competition for golfers who never turn professional as the main Amateur Championship is dominated by future professionals in their late teens and early twenties.
- Senior British Open Championship: for men aged 50 and above. A major championship on the Champions Tour and the European Seniors Tour.
- Walker Cup: a biennial men's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the United States (co-organised with the United States Golf Association).
- Junior Open Championships: for boys and girls under the age of 16 at 00.00 hours on 1 January of the relevant year.
- St Andrews Trophy: a men's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe.
- Jacques Léglise Trophy: a boys' amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe.
Apart from the Junior Open Championships all of these events are for men and boys. The Ladies Golf Union organises a similar range of events for women and girls, most notably the Women's British Open. The R&A is also involved in the organisation of the two World Amateur Team Championships - the Eisenhower Trophy for men and the Espirito Santo Trophy for women - through its role in the International Golf Federation.
Golf club [link]
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews itself is now simply a golf club. It has 2,400 members from all over the world. Although the clubhouse is situated just behind the first tee of the Old Course, the club does not own any of the St Andrews courses, despite the common misconception, and must share the tee times with members of other local clubs, residents and visitors alike. Responsibility for the management of the courses is undertaken by the St Andrews Links Trust, a charitable organization that owns and runs seven golf courses at St Andrews.
See also [link]
References [link]
External links [link]
Media related to The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews at Wikimedia Commons
- R&A website, including the Rules and Decisions of Golf
- Open Championship website
- The history of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
- St. Andrews course images
- St Andrews Golf Blog - Information on golf in St Andrews and the surrounding area
Coordinates: 56°20′37″N 2°48′10″W / 56.3435651°N 2.8028011°W
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Propane
Propane (/ˈproʊpeɪn/) is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C
3H
8, a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, portable stoves, and residential central heating. Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). The others include butane, propylene, butadiene, butylene, isobutylene and mixtures thereof.
Propane containing too much propene (also called propylene) is not suited for most vehicle fuels. HD-5 is a specification that establishes a maximum concentration of 5% propene in propane. Propane and other LP gas specifications are established in ASTM D-1835. All propane fuels include an odorant, almost always ethanethiol, so that people can easily smell the gas in case of a leak. Propane as HD-5 was originally intended for use as vehicle fuel. HD-5 is currently being used in all propane applications.
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane, also called 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane or CFC-113a is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It has the formula Cl3C-CF3.
Environmental effects
Ozone depletion
It is one of four man-made chemicals newly discovered in the atmosphere by a team at the University of East Anglia. But CFC-113a is the only known CFC whose abundance in the atmosphere is still growing. CFC-113a seems to have been accumulating unabated since 1960. Its source remains a mystery, but illegal manufacturing in China is suspected by some. Between 2010 and 2012, emissions of the gas jumped by 45 percent.
See also
References
Tés
Tés is a village in Veszprém County, Hungary.
History
Tés is one of the most commanding settlements of the Bakony mountain, it can be found on the largest plateau of the East-Bakony at the height of 465 m. The number of residents has been about 900 for ages. According to a legend, the village got its name from King Matthias who spent a lot of time in Várpalota. On one of these occasions, he located prisoners onto the hill that was supposedly the habitat of bears in those days. While selecting the prisoners, he kept repeating ’You too, you too’ that is in Hungarian ’Te is mész, te is mész, te is, te is, te is.’ The name of the village, Tés was born from the contraction of ’te is’. Of course this is just a folktale, in point of fact the origin of the name of the village is unknown.
The first written document, which mentions the village under the name of Tehes, is from 1086. The settlement didn’t have a constant landowner. It was the property of the Benedictine Bakonybél Abbey, it also belonged to the Bakonyi Erdőispánság and paid taxes to almost everybody who had ever been the master of the land.
Štós
Štós (before 1973 Štos; German: Stoß, earlier Stoos; Hungarian: Stósz, earlier Soosz, in the Middle Ages Hegyalja) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. It is one of several towns in Bodva Valley. Other towns in Bodva Valley include: Jasov, Lucia Bania, Medzev (Metzenseifen), and Vyšný Medzev (Upper Metzenseifen).
History
The village developed from an old Slav mining settlement. After the Mongol invasion of 1241, the depopulated region was resettled by German settlers. The place-name derives from the German family name Stoss. In 1341 many privileges were given to German miners. The village passed to Jasov and in 1427 to Smolník. After that, it belonged to the local lord Ján Baglos. In 1449 Johann Kistner from Štitník gave his part of the village to Carthusian monastery of the Spiš County.
External links
Voiceless alveolar affricate
The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:
