Poulsard (also Ploussard) is a red French wine grape variety from the Jura wine region. The name Ploussard is used mainly around the town of Pupillin but can appear on wine labels throughout Jura as an authorized synonyms. While technically a dark-skinned noir grape, the skins of Poulsard are very thin with low amounts of color -phenols and produces very pale colored red wines, even with extended maceration and can be used to produce white wines. Because of this, Poulsard is often blended with other red-skin varieties or used to produce lightly colored rosé wines. Additionally the grape is used to make blanc de noir white wines and sparkling cremants.[1][2]
Poulsard is an authorized grape variety in the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) wines of Arbois AOC, Côtes du Jura AOC, Crémant du Jura AOC, L'Etoile AOC and Macvin du Jura AOC. Outside of Jura, Poulsard is also grown in Bugey AOC of the Ain département in eastern France.[3]
Contents |
Wine regions [link]
Poulsard is found almost exclusively in eastern France, particularly in the Jura between Burgundy and Switzerland where it has been grown since the 15th century. Because of its versatility and its distinctive floral aromas, the grape was once the most widely planted grape variety in Jura but because of various viticultural difficulties and changing trends in the wine market, its numbers have declined. However, it is still the second most widely planted in Jura.[4]
It is a permitted grape in several Jura AOCs including the Arbois and Côtes du Jura AOC where it is blended with Trousseau noir and Pinot noir to produce red and rosé; the L'Etoile AOC where it is used to produce a blanc de noir white wine and the Crémant du Jura AOC where it is used to make white and sparkling rosé.[3] Outside of Jura, it is grown in the Bugey wine region located near the Beaujolais wine region. There Poulsard is blended with Gamay, Pinot noir and Mondeuse Noire to produce light reds.[3]
Viticulture [link]
While the grape can grow in many different vineyard soils, in Jura it is most often planted on shale marl, limestone and clay soils. The grape clusters produce tightly compacted bunches with thin-skinned oval berries that have a light violet to black color.[4]
The Poulsard vine tends to buds early, which makes it prone to the viticultural hazard of early spring time frost. In some vintages, coulure can set in and affect yields (which are usually very low to begin with).[3] Additionally the vine is very susceptible to various grape diseases including downey mildew, grey rot and oidium. These issues, coupled with its low phenolics and coloring pigments, have contributed to the grape's decline in overall plantings,[5] though it still maintains its presence in Jura.[4]
Historically, Poulsard has been used in eastern France as a table grape but its thin skin has made transport of the grape beyond local villages difficult.[5]
Clones [link]
Over the centuries the Poulsard grape has developed a number of mutations that have allowed clones of the variety to emerge. In addition to the light red-berried form that is most commonly found, there is a completely white-skin and separate pink-skinned variety of Poulsard as well as deeply aromatic, darker skin variety musqué clone.[5]
Wine styles [link]
Though technically a red-skinned noir grape, Poulsard often produces Vin gris either due to low extraction of color compounds or from oxidation of the must that lightens the color even further.[3] While most red skin grape contribute color over a matter of hours to a few days during the maceration process where the skin is kept in contact with the fermenting must, the amount of pigment in Poulsard is so low that even after a week of extended maceration very little color has seeped into the must. It is for this reason that Poulsard is often used in the production of white and lightly colored rosé wines,[1] though officially more than 80% of the harvest in Jura is used for red wine production.[4]
Though Poulsard can be used to produce a varietal wine, its often blended the grape with other varieties either for enhanced color or to allow the Poulsard to contributes to the aroma of the blend. Among the grapes that Poulsard are often blended with is Trousseau Noir, Trousseau Gris, and Pinot noir.[1]
Synonyms [link]
Poulsard and its wines have been known under a variety of synonyms including Belossard, Blussart, Blussard Blau, Blussard Frueh Blau, Blussard Modry, Cornelle, Drille-de-Coq, Kleinblaettrige Fingertraube, Malvasier Schwarz, Mècle, Mescle, Méthie, Miècle, Olivette, Pandouleau, Pelossard, Peloussard, Pendulot, Plant d'Arbois, Pleusard, Pleusart, Plousard, Ploussard, Plussart, Pulceau, Pulsar, Pulsard, Quille de coq, Raisin Perle and Yurskii Zhemchug.[6]
The white clone version of Poulsard blanc shares many similar synonyms in addition to Blussard weiss, Pelossart, Pulsar Belyi and Quille de Coque.[7]
References [link]
- ^ a b c J. Robinson Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes pg 129 Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0-19-860098-4
- ^ Oxford Companion to Wine "Poulsard entry" WinePros.org Accessed: February 7th, 2011
- ^ a b c d e J. Robinson Vines, Grapes & Wines pg 200 Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 1-85732-999-6
- ^ a b c d Jura Wines "Grape Varieties" Official Site. Accessed: February 7th, 2011
- ^ a b c Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 188 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0-15-100714-4
- ^ Poulsard, Vitis International Variety Catalogue, Accessed: February 7th, 2011
- ^ Poulsard blanc, Vitis International Variety Catalogue, Accessed: February 7th, 2011
https://wn.com/Poulsard
Pulsar (Marvel Comics)
Pulsar is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe, a member of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard.
Publication history
The character first appeared as Impulse in X-Men #107 (October 1977-February 1978), and was created by Chris Claremont and Dave Cockrum.
The character subsequently appears in X-Men: Spotlight on Starjammers #2 (June 1990), Quasar #32 (March 1992), Inhumans Vol. 4 #4 (September 2000), JLA/Avengers #1 (September 2003), and Uncanny X-Men #477 (October 2006) and #480 (January 2007).
Impulse appeared as part of the "Imperial Guard" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #6.
Fictional character biography
Pulsar is a long-time member of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard, also known as Impulse. He is made of pure energy, and his form is only contained by his costume. He can release blasts of energy from his visor.
He was with the Imperial Guard the first time they fought the X-Men.
He was seemingly killed by Vulcan, who breached Impulse's suit. Pulsar later reappeared alive, battling alongside the rest of the Imperial Guard in an assault on the Kree, where Pulsar gravely wounded the Inhuman elite warrior, Gorgon.
Pulsar (watch)
Pulsar is a brand of watch and a division of Seiko Watch Corporation of America (SCA). While Pulsar was the world's first electronic digital watch, today Pulsar watches are usually analog. They generally use the same movements as the lower-end Seikos such as the 7T62 quartz chronograph movement.
History
The first Pulsar was a brand of The Hamilton Watch Company which announced that it was making the watch in early 1970. It was developed jointly by Hamilton and Electro/Data, Inc. In the spring of 1972, the first Pulsar watch was marketed by The Hamilton Watch Co. (the parent company, not the Hamilton Watch Division). With an 18-carat gold case, the world's first all-electronic digital watch was also the first to use a digital display — created with light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A button was pressed to display the time. The first Pulsar initially sold for $2100 ($12,300 in 2016 dollars).
The Potpourri segment in the October 1972 issue of Playboy mentions the first Pulsar - and carries a photo.
Creamware (software company)
Creamware Audio GmbH (typically styled as creamw@re) was a manufacturer of DSP-based sound cards and synthesizers. These cards are used to create synthesized sounds for audio production in music and other audio environments. The company was founded in 1992 and operated until 2006. In 2007, the company 'Sonic Core' purchased certain Creamware assets and intellectual property.
Creamware also developed several digital audio software/hardware combination systems that became very popular with radio broadcasters throughout the late 1990s. These systems included 'TripleDAT' and a scaled-down version called 'CutMaster'. Both versions were widely used by German commercial radio as well as government owned state controlled radio in China.
History
The software made by Creamware offered better visual handling than other products, of audio 'samples', sometimes called 'clips' or 'items' in similar software. A user could easily drag samples up and down virtual digital multi-tracks in a window called the 'arranger'. Zooming functions allowed users to zoom in to fine detail of wave forms, then easily return to a position where the user could gain a complete overview of their work.
Grape
A grape is a fruiting berry of the deciduous woody vines of the botanical genus Vitis.
Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making wine, jam, juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
History
The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East.Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC. By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.
Shades of violet
There are numerous variations of the color violet, a sampling of which are shown below.
Variations of the color violet
Variations of spectral violet
Although pure spectrum violet is outside the color gamut of the RGB color space, the three colors displayed below are rough approximations of the range of colors of actual spectral violet, although the accuracy of the approximation can vary depending on the individual's color vision, and on the color rendition of one's computer monitor.
Color wheel violet
The tertiary color on the HSV color wheel (also known as the RGB color wheel) precisely halfway between blue and magenta is called color wheel violet. This tone of violet—an approximation of the color violet at about 417 nanometers as plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram—is shown at right. This tone of violet is actually somewhat toward indigo assuming indigo is accepted as a separate spectrum color, usually quoted as having a range of from about 420 to 450 nanometers. Another name for this color is near violet.
Grape (disambiguation)
A grape is a fruit that grows on the vines of plants in the genus Vitis.
Grape may also refer to:
