Protein

Proteins (/ˈprˌtnz/ or /ˈprti.nz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaeapyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.

Protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA).

The cistron DNA is transcribed into a variety of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. When a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities, a protein precursor is produced. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum.Preproproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present.

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Latest News for: protein synthesis

Are you consuming too much protein? Experts share the safe limits of intake and debunk ...

Hindustan Times 23 Mar 2025
Protein is the rudimentary foundation of a healthy diet ... Some may say protein is the ‘favourite child’ among all the other nutrients ... Recommended protein intake. ... The body can only utilise about 20-40 grams of protein per meal for muscle synthesis.

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Public Opinion 22 Mar 2025
They increase several factors that facilitate protein synthesis (muscle-building) like mTOR, IGF-1 and insulin while decreasing cortisol, which is catabolic and slows down muscle growth.

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Subsequently, they elucidated the catalytic sites of each PHA synthase using protein modeling and molecular docking. They found that four distinct genes are responsible for producing PHA synthase, a critical enzyme in plastic synthesis.

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Belleview Reporter 21 Mar 2025
Testosterone is responsible for protein synthesis and muscle recovery, enabling users to see tangible results from their training efforts ... diet rich in proteins, healthy fats, and fresh vegetables.

Starting points for the control of protein synthesis

Science Daily 20 Mar 2025
Researchers have now developed a toolbox as a new gold standard for this field ... .

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GetNews 19 Mar 2025
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"MarketsandMarkets™" ... ... When applied to foliage, biostimulants act directly on plant biochemical pathways, enhancing protein synthesis and enzyme activity ... Additionally, proteins and B vitamins help protect plants against fungal diseases ... Vidi Fol ... Ltd.

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Hindustan Times 17 Mar 2025
Consuming whey protein after a workout can support faster recovery by increasing protein synthesis and reducing muscle damage (National Library of Medicine) ... by improving muscle protein synthesis.

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... RBC development, notably in the ribosomal protein S7 gene (rps7) ... These results suggest polystyrene nanoparticles disrupt the protein synthesis machinery essential for RBC development in zebrafish.

RNA origami: Artificial cytoskeletons to build synthetic cells

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... the natural RNA biomolecule to fold new building blocks, making protein synthesis superfluous.

Slovak Govt Official Claims DNA in Vaccines Turns People into “GMOs,” Sparks Global Outrage

The Liberty Beacon 14 Mar 2025
... all analyzed batches proved that in every single vial, there is an extremely high amount of DNA, a vector that encodes the cassette for the synthesis of the S-protein, if not other proteins as well.

Best protein powders in India: Top 10 picks to try in March 2025 for muscle building

Hindustan Times 14 Mar 2025
In this guide, we have handpicked the best protein powder in India to help you choose the one that offers high-quality nutrition ... It may help to boost overall strength, endurance, and athletic performance by improving muscle protein synthesis.

Animal lifespans reflect environmental impact

White Rock Lake Weekly 13 Mar 2025
By Dr. Beth Leermakers ... Photo courtesy of the Natural History Museum. Animal lifespans vary widely ... Species that live longer have more accurate ribosomes (responsible for protein synthesis), meaning that there are fewer mistakes when assembling proteins.

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Vitamin C plays a vital role beyond just boosting immunity—it’s essential for collagen and L-carnitine synthesis, supporting skin health and energy production. It also aids in protein metabolism, helps ...
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