Alcohol proof

Alcohol proof is a measure of how much ethanol (alcohol) is contained in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume (ABV). The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof. In the United States, alcoholic proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV.

The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of this content on the bottle labels of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries. The purpose of the regulation is to provide pertinent information to the consumer.

History

From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content in terms of "proof spirit", which was defined as spirit with a gravity of ¹²⁄₁₃ that of water, or 923 kg/m³, and equivalent to 57.15% ABV. The term originated in the 16th century, when payments to British sailors included rations of rum. To ensure that the rum had not been watered down, it was "proved" by dousing gunpowder with it and then testing to see whether the gunpowder would ignite. If it did not, then the rum contained too much water and was considered to be "under proof". Gunpowder would not burn in rum that contained less than 57.15% ABV. Therefore, rum that contained this percentage of alcohol was defined to have "100° (one hundred degrees) proof". The gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816.

Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the predominant alcohol in alcoholic beverages.

The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name. The suffix -ol in non-systematic names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol. But many substances, particularly sugars (examples glucose and sucrose) contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members is the saturated straight chain alcohols, the general formula for which is C_nH_2n+1OH.

Alcohol (Barenaked Ladies song)

"Alcohol" is a song by the Alternative rock group Barenaked Ladies released as the last single and sixth track on their 1998 album Stunt. Although it did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 or the UK Singles Chart, it received some airplay on the US Modern Rock Tracks charts, peaking at #33 on the chart. The song looks at alcohol abuse, and moderation, using a sarcastic undertone. As part of the band's tradition involving one song per album, "Alcohol" was recorded naked.

Charts

External links

Alcohol (disambiguation)

An alcohol is an organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group is bound to a carbon atom.

Alcohol may also refer to:

Chemicals

Music

Colour Coding

Colour Coding was an Australian indie pop band officially formed in 2011 and based in Sydney. The band was formed by Chris Holland and Tim Commandeur, both members of the group Operator Please; after Operator Please's second album, cousins Holland and Commandeur began writing as Colour Coding. The band released its first EP Proof in March 2012 with the lead single "Perfect" uploaded as a free track online in November 2011.

Early life

At ages 12 and 13, cousins Chris and Tim recorded an extended play in Tim's father's mark studio. In 2005, Tim joined the pop group Operator Please with several of his Gold Coast schoolmates, including founder and lead vocalist Amandah Wilkinson. In 2008, Chris joined the band as keyboardist.

This early experience helped the boys realize their dream of forming their own band, Colour Coding.

2011–present: Proof

In September 2011, Hoppy Studios (Sydney) produced their first single, "Perfect". It was a free-to-download online release track. The track was then added to the fourth digital release by New York label Cosine Records in the US.

Die proof (philately)

In philately a Die Proof is a printed image pulled directly from the master die for an engraved stamp.

As a stamp is engraved it is necessary to check progress and a series of proofs are printed or 'pulled' from the die. These are known as progressive or contemporary die proofs.

Progressive proofs also form part of the design and approval process for a stamp. Any changes made during this process turn the proofs into essays which may be identified retrospectively because they differ from the issued stamp. Die proofs for engraved stamps are normally printed under great pressure onto oversized card and, as they are printed from the master die, they are normally of high quality. By contrast they may also be printed on India Paper, a strong, thin, opaque paper. The proofs are not necessarily in the same colour(s) as the issued stamp. A proof on India or other paper mounted on a die-sunk card is known as a hybrid proof.

Once the die is completed, it is transferred multiple times to the plate from which the stamps are printed.

Mathematical proof

In mathematics, a proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement. In the argument, other previously established statements, such as theorems, can be used. In principle, a proof can be traced back to self-evident or assumed statements, known as axioms, along with accepted rules of inference. Axioms may be treated as conditions that must be met before the statement applies. Proofs are examples of deductive reasoning and are distinguished from inductive or empirical arguments; a proof must demonstrate that a statement is always true (occasionally by listing all possible cases and showing that it holds in each), rather than enumerate many confirmatory cases. An unproved proposition that is believed true is known as a conjecture.

Proofs employ logic but usually include some amount of natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. In fact, the vast majority of proofs in written mathematics can be considered as applications of rigorous informal logic. Purely formal proofs, written in symbolic language instead of natural language, are considered in proof theory. The distinction between formal and informal proofs has led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice, quasi-empiricism in mathematics, and so-called folk mathematics (in both senses of that term). The philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language.