Productivity

Productivity is an average measure of the efficiency of production. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production process, i.e. output per unit of input. When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity. Outputs and inputs are defined in the total productivity measure as their economic values. The value of outputs minus the value of inputs is a measure of the income generated in a production process. It is a measure of total efficiency of a production process and as such the objective to be maximized in production process.

Productivity measures that use one or more inputs or factors, but not all factors, are called partial productivities. A common example in economics is labor productivity, usually expressed as output per hour. At the company level, typical partial productivity measures are such things as worker hours, materials or energy per unit of production.

In macroeconomics the approach is different. In macroeconomics one wants to examine an entity of many production processes and the output is obtained by summing up the value-added created in the single processes. This is done in order to avoid the double accounting of intermediate inputs. Value-added is obtained by subtracting the intermediate inputs from the outputs. The most well-known and used measure of value-added is the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It is widely used as a measure of the economic growth of nations and industries. GDP is the income available for paying capital costs, labor compensation, taxes and profits.

Productivity (linguistics)

In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to more less used ones that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the test of productivity concerns which grammatical forms would be used with newly coined words: these will tend to only be converted to other forms using productive processes.

Examples in English

In standard English, the formation of preterite and past participle forms of verbs by means of ablaut (for example, singsangsung) is no longer considered productive. Newly coined verbs in English overwhelmingly use the 'weak' (regular) ending -ed for the past tense and past participle (for example, spammed, e-mailed). Similarly, the only clearly productive plural ending is -(e)s; it is found on the vast majority of English count nouns and is used to form the plurals of neologisms, such as FAQs and Muggles. The ending -en, on the other hand, is no longer productive, being found only in oxen, children, and the now-rare brethren. Because these old forms can sound incorrect to modern ears, regularization can wear away at them until they are no longer used: brethren has now been replaced with the more regular-sounding brothers except when talking about religious orders. It appears that many strong verbs were completely lost during the transition from Old English to Middle English, possibly because they sounded archaic or were simply no longer truly understood.

Productivity (disambiguation)

Productivity, in economics, is the amount of output created produced per unit input used.

Productivity may also refer to:

  • Agricultural productivity, the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs
  • Productivity (linguistics), the degree to which a grammatical process can be extended to new cases
  • Productivity (ecology), the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem
  • Primary production, in ecology is a measure of the amount of energy incorporated into a biological system
  • Productivity (economic history), the historical role of technology and non technology factors in creating the modern economy
  • Programming productivity
  • See also

  • All pages with titles containing Productivity
  • All pages with titles containing Productive
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