Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India, still earlier, Presidency towns, and collectively British India, were the administrative units of the territories of India under the tenancy or the sovereignty of either the East India Company or the British Crown between 1612 and 1947.
British India is divided into three periods. From the early 17th century to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company traded in Bengal on the sufferance of the native powers. Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. In the next hundred years, referred to as Company rule in India, the Company acquired paramountcy, but increasingly shared its sovereignty with the Crown, gradually losing its mercantile privileges. Following the 1857 Rebellion, the Company's remaining powers were transferred to the Crown initiating the direct rule by the British Empire (1858–1947).[1] The term "British India" has also been used secondarily as a shortened form for "the British people in the British Empire in India."[citation needed]
Contents |
![]() Imperial Entities of India |
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Colonial India | |
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Dutch India | 1605–1825 |
Danish India | 1620–1869 |
French India | 1759–1954 |
Portuguese India 1510–1961 | |
Casa da Índia | 1434–1833 |
Portuguese East India Company | 1628–1633 |
British India 1613–1947 | |
East India Company | 1612–1757 |
Company rule in India | 1757–1857 |
British Raj | 1858–1947 |
British rule in Burma | 1824–1942 |
1765–1947/48 | |
Partition of India |
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In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other European trading companies in Bengal.[2] However, following the decline of the Mughal Empire in 1707 and after the East India Company's victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and Battle of Buxar, both in Bengal 1764, the Company gradually began to formally expand its dominions and collectively call the area India.[3] By the mid-19th century, the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power on the subcontinent, its territory held in trust for the British Crown.[4]
Company rule in India, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Indian rebellion of 1857.[4] British India was thereafter directly ruled by the British Crown as a colonial possession of the United Kingdom, and India was officially known after 1876 as the Empire of India.[5] India consisted of regions referred to as British India that were directly administered by the British,[6] and other regions, the Princely States,[7] that were ruled by Indian rulers. These rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population; in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area and included over 77% of the population.[8] In addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including present-day Bangladesh.
The term British India also applied to Burma for a shorter time period: starting in 1824, a small part of Burma, and by 1886, almost two thirds of Burma had come under British India.[6] This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony. British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), which was a British Crown Colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. At its greatest extent, in the early 20th-century, the territory of British India extended as far as the frontiers of Persia in the west; Afghanistan in the northwest; Tibet in the northeast; and China, French Indo-China and Siam in the east. It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula.[9]
India in 1700 showing the Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements.
The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640.
The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as Fort William.
The East India Company, which was incorporated on December 31, 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612.[10] The company rented a trading outpost in Madras in 1639.[10][10] Bombay, which was ceded to the British Crown by Portugal as part of the wedding dowry of Catherine of Braganza in 1661, was in turn granted to the East India Company to be held in trust for the Crown.[10]
Meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640.[10] Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, Calcutta was founded by Job Charnock in 1686.[10] By the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort St. George), the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort William) were each administered by a Governor.[11]
Map of India in 1823
Map of India in 1848
After Robert Clive's victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the puppet government of a new Nawab of Bengal, was maintained by the East India Company.[12] However, after the invasion of Bengal by the Nawab of Oudh in 1764 and his subsequent defeat in the Battle of Buxar, the Company obtained the Diwani of Bengal, which included the right to administer and collect land-revenue (land tax) in Bengal, the region of present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and Bihar.[12] In 1772, the Company also obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal (the "exercise of criminal jurisdiction") and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency.[12] During the period, 1773 to 1785, very little changed; the only exceptions were the addition of the dominions of the Raja of Banares to the western boundary of the Bengal Presidency, and the addition of Salsette Island to the Bombay Presidency.[13]
Portions of the Kingdom of Mysore were annexed to the Madras Presidency after the Third Anglo-Mysore War ended in 1792. Next, in 1799, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War more of his territory was annexed to the Madras Presidency.[13] In 1801, Carnatic, which had been under the suzerainty of the Company, began to be directly administered by it as a part of the Madras Presidency.[14]
North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces
Punjab annexed in 1849
Oudh annexed in 1856
The British Indian Empire in 1893, after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan
A map of the British Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912)
1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903.
Beluchistan, shown as a part of the British Indian Empire in a 1908 map.
At the turn of the 19th to 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor. The following table lists their areas and populations (but does not include those of the dependent Native States):[15] During the partition of Bengal (1905–1912), a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Eastern Bengal and Assam existed. In 1912, the partition was partially reversed, with the eastern and western halves of Bengal re-united and the province of Assam re-established; a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Bihar and Orissa was also created.
Province of British India[15] | Area (in thousands of square miles) | Population (in millions of inhabitants) | Chief Administrative Officer |
---|---|---|---|
Burma | 170 | 9 | Lieutenant-Governor |
Bengal | 151 | 75 | Lieutenant-Governor |
Madras | 142 | 38 | Governor-in-Council |
Bombay | 123 | 19 | Governor-in-Council |
United Provinces | 107 | 48 | Lieutenant-Governor |
Central Provinces and Berar | 104 | 13 | Chief Commissioner |
Punjab | 97 | 20 | Lieutenant-Governor |
Assam | 49 | 6 | Chief Commissioner |
In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a Chief Commissioner:[16]
Minor Province[16] | Area (in thousands of square miles) | Population (in thousands of inhabitants) | Chief Administrative Officer |
---|---|---|---|
North-West Frontier Province | 16 | 2,125 | Chief Commissioner |
British Baluchistan | 46 | 308 | British Political Agent in Baluchistan served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
Coorg | 1.6 | 181 | British Resident in Mysore served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
Ajmer-Merwara | 2.7 | 477 | British Political Agent in Rajputana served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 3 | 25 | Chief Commissioner |
At independence in 1947, British India had seventeen provinces:
Upon the Partition of India into Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan, twelve provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) became provinces within India, three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, and Sindh) within Pakistan, and two (Bengal and Punjab) were partitioned between India and Pakistan.
In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, East Bengal, was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.
British India are an Australian indie rock band, formed in Melbourne in 2004. The band comprises lead vocalist, lyricist and guitarist Declan Melia, guitarist Nic Wilson, bassist Will Drummond and drummer Matt O'Gorman. They have released five studio albums.
The members of British India met at high school, forming when friends Declan Melia and Nic Wilson asked schoolmates Will Drummond and Matt O'Gorman to join their band, whilst attending St. Bede's College, in Melbourne, Australia, in 2004. Reportedly social misfits throughout high school, the band would converge during school lunchtimes and study periods to rehearse and compose in the school music room and as this occurred the quartet played cover versions of songs by the Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, The Beatles, Blur, and Starsailor. The band's name was originally noticed by Wilson on a b-side by Strawberry Alarm Clock. In 2005, after playing regularly across Australia for a year, the band signed with In-Fidelity Recordings and began work on their debut EP, with producer Lindsay Gravina. In June 2005 they released a single, "Outside 109 / Automatic Blitzkrieg". The song's inspiration came from a quip made by Mick Jagger in an interview in 1964. Melia told Australian Music Online the song's lyrics referred to the band's gigging in Melbourne, and "being just outside of national recognition".
India? is the third studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, recorded and released in 1984 by Rocksteady Records. The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada. It is their fourth album overall when including their 1983 live album with Prince Far I, and this is indicated subtly on the spine with the letters "Vol IV". The spine also reads "Such big ears, but still you can't see".
'India?' is a radical departure from the style of the previous two albums Revenge of the Mozabites and Wadada Magic. As the title suggests, this album has a strong Indian feel to its arrangements and instrumentation. It has not been released on CD, however three of the five tracks have found their way onto other Suns of Arqa CD releases.
Track A1 'Give Love' which features Ras Michael appears on the 1991 compilation CD 'Land of a Thousand Churches', and tracks A3/B2 (Kalashree/Vairabi) both appear on the 1992 CD Kokoromochi.
The sleevenotes for this LP include thank-yous to Adrian Sherwood, Style Scott, Gadgi, Martin Hannett, Chris Nagle and Kevin Metcalf.
India (Syriac: Beth Hindaye) was an ecclesiastical province of the Church of the East, from the seventh to the sixteenth century. The Malabar Coast of India had long been home to a thriving East Syrian (Nestorian) Christian community, known as the St. Thomas Christians. The community traces its origins to the evangelical activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. The Indian Christian community were initially part of the metropolitan province of Fars, but were detached from that province in the 7th century, and again in the 8th, and given their own metropolitan bishop.
Due to the distance between India and the seat of the Patriarch of the Church of the East, communication with the church's heartland was often spotty, and the province was frequently without a bishop. As such, the Indian church was largely autonomous in operation, though the authority of the Patriarch was always respected. In the 16th century, the Portuguese arrived in India and tried to bring the community under the authority of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. The Portuguese ascendancy was formalised at the Synod of Diamper in 1599, which effectively abolished the historic Nestorian metropolitan province of India. Angamaly, the former seat of the Nestorian metropolitans, was downgraded to a suffragan diocese of the Latin Archdiocese of Goa.
India is the first studio album by Spanish singer Vega, released on November 7, 2003 on Vale Music Spain.
This album represents her success after having sold more than 200.000 copies of her first single "Quiero Ser Tú" (Spanish for "I Want to Be You"), which was a task to be accomplished before being entitled to a recording contract. The album itself sold more than 110.000 copies in Spain alone.
The country, India, has always been an inspiration to Vega, and that is why she decided to name her album after it. All but two songs on the album, "That's Life" (Frank Sinatra cover) and "Believe" (K's Choice cover), were written by Vega. The eighth track, "Olor A Azahar", is dedicated to the city she was born in.
The first single from India was "Grita!", which became the best-selling single of 2003 in Spain. After the success of the first single, "La Verdad (ft. Elena Gadel)" and "Directo Al Sol" followed. Elena Gadel, a member of the girl-group Lunae, whom Vega had met during the time they were part of Operación Triunfo, also helped with the background vocals for "Grita!".
RADIO STATION |
GENRE |
LOCATION |
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MyOpusRadio Platform 1 | Varied,Indian | India |
Shizoid | Ambient | India |
Radio Madhuban 90.4 | Public | India |
MyOpusRadio Full Throttle | Rock | India |
Radio Heartbeats Abishekagni | Christian | India |
TORI: Ilaiyaraaja - SPB ERA, TeluguOne Radio On Internet | 90s,Varied,80s,70s,Bollywood | India |
Radio Sai Asia Stream | Indian | India |
MyOpusRadio Big Fish | Varied | India |
PlanetRadioCity IndiePop | Bollywood | India |
TORI: IST, TeluguOne Radio On Internet | World Asia | India |
MyOpusRadio Blackjack! 24x7 | Classic Rock,Blues | India |
MyOpusRadio Confluence Radio | Varied | India |
MyOpusRadio Radio 1889 | Indie,Indie Rock | India |
TORI: AR Rahman ERA, TeluguOne Radio On Internet | Indian,Bollywood | India |
Radio Sharda 90.4 FM | World,Indian | India |
MyOpusRadio C Train | Rock,Jazz,Blues,R&B | India |
MyOpusRadio 'Selectro | Electronica | India |
MyOpusRadio Sax and Violins | Jazz,Blues | India |
MyOpusRadio Cassette Player | 80s,Oldies,70s,60s | India |
MyOpusRadio Chilis | Varied | India |
WFEN-FM 88.3 (The Lighthouse) Rockford, IL | Christian | India |
Gurbani Radio | Indian,Bollywood | India |
Radio KBJB Kirtan | Religious | India |
MyOpusRadio Easy | Easy | India |
TORI: All Time Hits, TeluguOne Radio On Internet | Indian,Bollywood | India |
SikhNet Ch. 27 El Sobrante | Religious | India |
PlanetRadioCity Hindi | Indian | India |
Radio KBJB Sikh Talk | Religious | India |
MyOpusRadio | Varied | India |
Radio City Freedom | Varied | India |
The Movement | Electronica | India |
A.R.Rahman Radio | Indian | India |
Keertan | Religious | India |
Radio Schizoid | Electronica | India |
MyOpusRadio Papa Johns | Varied | India |
Radio KBJB Simran | Religious | India |
PiRocks | Oldies,70s,60s | India |
Ilayaraja Radio | Indian | India |
Chennai FM Rainbow | Indian | India |
Pulse Mirchi | Indian,Bollywood | India |
Aahaa FM Chennai | Indian,World Asia | India |
Radio Goa | Indian | India |
Radio Islam | Religious | India |
Bhajans 1 | Religious | India |
Psalms Radio | Religious,Christian | India |
Bhakti Radio | Religious | India |
MyOpusRadio Platform 2 | Varied,Indian | India |
MyOpusRadio Club Rulz! | Dance | India |
Sai GH Discourse Stream | Varied | India |
Radio KBJB Sant Singh Maskken | Religious | India |
TORI: Latest Hits, TeluguOne Radio On Internet | Bollywood | India |
Too self obsessed and too much TV
Underneath this avalanche of golden teeth
I didn't get much sleep at the start of the week
Underneath this avalanche of golden teeth
It's like my chest is caving in
A starch black dress on a CEO
And as you stretch your skin for another photo
Your face is caving in
If I'm paid for my time, it'll be just fine
Watch me dip my hand in the iodine
My chest is caving in
Long time no see, where have you been
Before I get to say it you get taken away
You never go but you never stay
My secrets smell like spit and everybody knows
I'll hang myself with the cord of the telephone
My chest is caving in
I get so bored that my teeth start to hurt
In this museum of neon t-shirts
This room is caving in
When we're both coming down but you still come around
You can sleep on the bed and I'll sleep on the ground