PostGIS
PostGIS ( POST-jis) is an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. PostGIS follows the Simple Features for SQL specification from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
History
Refractions Research released the first version of PostGIS in 2001 under the GNU General Public License. After 6 release candidates, a stable "1.0" version followed on April 19, 2005.
In 2006 the OGC registered PostGIS as "implement[ing] the specified standard" for "Simple Features for SQL".
Features
Geometry types for Points, LineStrings, Polygons, MultiPoints, MultiLineStrings, MultipPolygons and GeometryCollections.
Spatial predicates for determining the interactions of geometries using the 3x3 DE-9IM (provided by the GEOS software library).
Spatial operators for determining geospatial measurements like area, distance, length and perimeter.
Spatial operators for determining geospatial set operations, like union, difference, symmetric difference and buffers (provided by GEOS).