Polo neck

A polo neck, roll-neck (UK) or turtleneck (US, Canada) or skivvy (Australia, New Zealand) is a garment—usually a sweater—with a close-fitting, round, and high collar that folds over and covers the neck. It can also refer to type of neckline, the style of collar itself, or be used as an adjective ("polo necked").

A simpler variant of the standard polo neck is the mock polo neck (or mock turtleneck), that resembles the polo neck with the soft fold at its top and the way it stands up around the neck, but both ends of the tube forming the collar are sewn to the neckline. This is mainly used to achieve the appearance of a polo neck where the fabric would fray, roll, or otherwise behave badly unless sewn. The mock polo neck clings to the neck smoothly, is easy to manufacture, and works well with a zip closure.

History

History in Europe

Polo neck-like garments have been worn for hundreds of years, dating at least to the 15th century.

From the late 19th century on, polo necks were commonly worn by menial workers, athletes, sailors and naval officers. Since the middle of the 20th century black polo necks have been closely associated with radical academics, philosophers, artists and intellectuals. The polo neck jumper became an iconic symbol of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. Polo necks also became a big fashion for young wealthy men after they were worn by European film stars Marcello Mastroianni and Yves Montand. The term polo neck, common in British English, is thought to derive from garments with similar necklines worn by polo players.

Polo (mints)

Polo Mints are a brand of mints whose defining feature is the hole in the middle. The peppermint flavoured polo was first manufactured in the United Kingdom in 1948 by employee John Bargewell at the Rowntree's Factory, York, and a range of flavours followed. The name derives from "polar", referencing the cool and fresh taste of the mint.

History

Polo mints were developed by Rowntree's in 1939, similar to the US confectionery Life Savers and the British Navy Sweets, but their introduction to the market was delayed until 1947 by the onset of the Second World War. Polo fruits followed soon after.

Varieties

Over the years Rowntree and Nestlé have come up with variations of the Original Polo mint. Some of these have been successes, whereas others have failed. None has been as successful as the Original Polo mint.

Polo (music)

Polo designates two forms of Venezuelan folk music. One that originates from Margarita Island and another one that is played in Coro, in the state of Falcón.

Polo Margariteño

The Polo from Margarita is a song in décima form, that is: ten verses of eight syllables each.

The harmonic structure cycles between an initial major key and its relative minor, using the following repeated progression: III(I)-VII7(V7)-V7-i-iv-V7-i-VII7(V7) (the Roman numerals in parentheses represent chord functions in the initial major key).

Polo Coriano

Pending research about Cheché Acosta Fuguet (past), and the duo of Nano Bravo and Chucho Penso (current).

Volkswagen Polo

The Volkswagen Polo (pronounced [ˈfɔlksˌvaːgən ˈpoːloː]) is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, sedan and estate variants.The Polo has been produced in five generations with intermittent facelifts. Related Volkswagen Group models include the Škoda Fabia, SEAT Ibiza and Audi A1.

The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year.

History

As of 2014, there have been five separate generations of the Polo, usually identified by a "Series" or "Mark" number.

Some generations were facelifted mid way through production, with the updated versions known unofficially by an addition of the letter F to the mark number, e.g. Mark IIF. Some press and enthusiasts consider the facelifts to be separate models and hence have used the unofficial designations Polo Mark 1 to Mark 7 for previous generations. Each model of Polo is also identified by a two or three character Volkswagen Group Typ number. Official VW Polo history describes Mark I to Mark IV using either Roman numerals or Arabic numerals, with facelifted variants known as "Phase II" models.

Neck

The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective (from Latin) signifying "of the neck" is cervical (though in non-technical contexts, this is more frequently used to describe the cervix).

Structure

The cervical spine

The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments, typically referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In addition, the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. It is the least marked of all the curves of the column.

Soft tissue anatomy

In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called "Adam's apple", better marked in men than in women. Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt, while between this and the suprasternal notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out. At the side the outline of the sternomastoid muscle is the most striking mark; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the posterior. The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the submandibular glands, which lies just below the posterior half of the body of the jaw. The line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw.

Neck, Netherlands

Neck is a town in the northwest Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Wormerland, North Holland, about 3 km west of Purmerend.

In 2001, the town of Neck had 989 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 19.5 km², and contained 329 residences. The statistical area "Neck", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of 925.

References

Neck (water spirit)

The neck, nicor, or nixie or nokken (German: Nixe; Dutch: nikker and Dutch: nekker, Norwegian: nøkk; Swedish: näck; Finnish: näkki) are shapeshifting water spirits in Germanic mythology and folklore who usually appeared in forms of other creatures.

Under a variety of names, they were common to the stories of all Germanic peoples, although they are perhaps best known from Scandinavian folklore. The related English knucker was generally depicted as a wyrm or dragon, although more recent versions depict the spirits in other forms. Their sex, bynames, and various transformations vary geographically. The German Nix and his Scandinavian counterparts were males. The German Nixe was a female river mermaid.

Names and etymology

The names are held to derive from Common Germanic *nikwus or *nikwis(i), derived from PIE *neig^w ("to wash"). They are related to Sanskrit nḗnēkti, Greek νίζω nízō and νίπτω níptō, and Irish nigh (all meaning to wash or be washed). The form neck appears in English and Swedish (näck or nek, meaning "nude"). The Swedish form is derived from Old Swedish neker, which corresponds to Old Icelandic nykr (gen. nykrs), and nykk in Norwegian Nynorsk. In Finnish, the word is näkki. In Old Danish, the form was nikke and in modern Danish and Norwegian Bokmål it is nøkk. The Icelandic nykur is a horselike creature. In Middle Low German, it was called necker and in Middle Dutch nicker (c.f. also Nickel or Nikkel plus Kobolt) . The Old High German form nihhus also meant "crocodile", while the Old English nicor could mean both a "water monster" and a "hippopotamus". The Norwegian Fossegrim and Swedish Strömkarlen are related figures sometimes seen as by-names for the same creature. The Scandinavian version can transform himself into a horse-like kelpie, and is called a Bäckahästen (the "brook horse"), whilst the Welsh version is called the Ceffyl Dŵr (the "water horse").