First-past-the-post voting
A first-past-the-post (abbreviated FPTP, 1stP, 1PTP or FPP), or winner-takes-all, election is one that is won by the candidate receiving more votes than any others. It is a common, but not universal, feature of electoral systems with single-member legislative districts. Large countries widely using FPTP include India, United States, United Kingdom and Canada.
Overview
The first-past-the-post voting method is one of the several plurality voting systems.
Confusion in terminology often exists between highest vote, majority vote and plurality voting systems. All three use a first-past-the-post voting method, but there are subtle differences in the method of execution. First-past-the-post voting is also used in two-round systems and some exhaustive ballots.
First-past-the-post voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections. In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. The two-round ("runoff") voting system uses a first-past-the-post voting method in each of the two rounds. The first round determines which two candidates will progress to the second, final round ballot.
Picture Transfer Protocol
Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) is a protocol developed by the International Imaging Industry Association to allow the transfer of images from digital cameras to computers and other peripheral devices without the need of additional device drivers. The protocol has been standardised as ISO 15740.
It is further standardized for USB by the USB Implementers Forum as the still image capture device class. USB is the default network transport media for PTP devices. USB PTP is a common alternative to USB MSC, as a digital camera connection protocol. Some cameras support both modes.
Description
PTP specifies a way of creating, transferring and manipulating objects which are typically photographic images such as a JPEG file. While it is common to think of the objects that PTP handle as files, they are abstract entities identified solely by a 32-bit object ID. These objects can however have parents and siblings so that a file-system–like view of device contents can be created.
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) is the chemical compound with the formula Pt(P(C6H5)3)4, often abbreviated Pt(PPh3)4. The bright yellow compound is used as a precursor to other platinum complexes.
Structure and behavior
The molecule is tetrahedral, with point group symmetry of Td, as expected for a four-coordinate metal complex of a metal with the d10 configuration. Even though this complex follows the 18 electron rule, it dissociates triphenylphosphine in solution to give the 16e− derivative containing only three PPh3 ligands:
Synthesis and reactions
The complex is typically prepared in one-pot reaction from potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II). Reduction of this platinum(II) species with alkaline ethanol in the presence of excess triphenylphosphine affords the product as a precipitate. The reaction occurs in two distinct steps. In the first step, PtCl2(PPh3)2 is generated. In the second step, this platinum(II) complex is reduced. The overall synthesis can be summarized as:
