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Peru

Coordinates: 10°S 76°W / 10°S 76°W / -10; -76

Peru (i/pəˈr/; Spanish: Perú [peˈɾu]; Quechua: Piruw [pɪɾʊw];Aymara: Piruw [pɪɾʊw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish:  República del Perú ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.

Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, which included most of its South American colonies. Ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence. After achieving independence, the country remained in recession and kept a low military profile until an economic rise based on the extraction of raw and maritime materials struck the country, which ended shortly before the war of the Pacific. Subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peruvian wine

Peruvian wine is wine made in the South American country of Peru. Peruvian winemaking dates back to the Spanish colonization of the region in the 16th century.

Production

Peru shares a similar climate with wine-producing country Chile, which is favourable for producing wine. In 2008, there were some 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) of grape plantations in Peru, including table grapes, and some 610,000 hectolitres (13,000,000 imp gal; 16,000,000 US gal) of wine was produced, with an increasing trend in both plantations and wine production. Most vineyards are located on the central coast, around Pisco and Ica, where most of Peru's winemaking and distillation takes place.

Grape varieties cultivated include Albillo, Alicante Bouschet, Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Malbec, Moscatel, Sauvignon blanc and Torontel.

History

The first grapevines were brought to Peru shortly after its conquest by Spain. Spanish chroniclers from the time note that the first vinification in South America took place in the hacienda Marcahuasi of Cuzco. However, the largest and most prominent vineyards of the 16th and 17th century Americas were established in the Ica valley of south-central Peru. In the 1540s, Bartolomé de Terrazas and Francisco de Carabantes began vineyards in Peru. The latter established vineyards in Ica, which Spaniards from Andalucia and Extremadura used to introduce grapevines into Chile.

California (1927 film)

California is a 1927 American Western silent film directed by W. S. Van Dyke and written by Marian Ainslee, Ruth Cummings and Frank Davis. The film stars Tim McCoy, Dorothy Sebastian, Marc McDermott, Frank Currier and Fred Warren. The film was released on May 7, 1927, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Cast

  • Tim McCoy as Capt. Archibald Gillespie
  • Dorothy Sebastian as Carlotta del Rey
  • Marc McDermott as Drachano
  • Frank Currier as Don Carlos del Rey
  • Fred Warren as Kit Carson
  • Lillian Leighton as Duenna
  • Edwin Terry as Brig. Gen. Stephen W. Kearny
  • References

    External links

  • California at the Internet Movie Database

  • Etymology of California

    California is a place name used by three North American states: in the United States by the state of California, and in Mexico by the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. Collectively, these three areas constitute the region formerly referred to as Las Californias. The name California is shared by many other places in other parts of the world whose names derive from the original. The name "California" was applied to the territory now known as the state of California by one or more Spanish explorers in the 16th century and was probably a reference to a mythical land described in a popular novel of the time: Las Sergas de Esplandián. Several other origins have been suggested for the word "California", including Spanish, Latin, South Asian, and Aboriginal American origins. All of these are disputed.

    California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Baja California peninsula now known as Mexican Baja California and Baja California Sur, and upper mainland now known as the U.S. states of California and parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Wyoming. After Mexico's independence from Spain, the upper territory became the Alta California province. In even earlier times, the boundaries of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific Ocean coastlines were only partially explored and California was shown on early maps as an island. The Sea of Cortez is also known as the Gulf of California.

    California (Joni Mitchell song)

    "California" is a song written by Joni Mitchell that first appeared on her 1971 album Blue. It was also released as the second single from the album, as a follow-up to "Carey."

    Mitchell wrote "California" while living in France but longing for the creative climate she had experienced in California. In the song she expresses the depth of her longing for California by singing that if she was back in California she would even be willing to kiss a policeman, despite considering herself a member of the counterculture. Like "Carey", "California" takes the form of a travelogue and uses a stream of consciousness narrative technique.Pitchfork critic Jessica Hopper describes both songs as "how-Joni-got-her-groove-back ditties". The lyrics tell of her time in France, a trip she took to Spain and an excursion to a Greek island. At the end of each story in each location she expresses her desire to be back in California. The character that "Carey" was based on also appears in the second verse of "California". According to author Larry David Smith, Mitchell uses the descriptions in "California" as a strategy to demonstrate "principles associated with the Earth Mother manifesto."

    Radio Stations - Peru

    RADIO STATION
    GENRE
    LOCATION
    Radio Z Rock & Pop Rock,Pop Peru
    Radio Tropical, Tarapoto Varied Peru
    Radio Mar Plus Alternative Peru
    Radio Santo Domingo Varied Peru
    Radio San Francisco, Sullana Contemporary Peru
    Radio Karibena Spanish Peru
    Radio Latina La Poderosa Spanish Peru
    Radio Fama Sur Lima Adult Contemporary Peru
    Peru Folk Radio Folk Peru
    Radio Santa Rosa Religious Peru
    Rádio Terra FM 98.1 Oldies,Spanish Peru
    Radio Rumba 99.9, Trujillo Varied Peru
    Radio 96 Bravaza-Trujillo - PERU Pop,Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Canto Grande Lima 97.7 Varied Peru
    Unión Radio AM 880 Lima Folk Peru
    Onda Cero Peru Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Andina Folk Peru
    Portal Cumbia Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Exitosa News Talk Peru
    Radio Doble N Varied Peru
    Top Latino Radio Pop,Top 40,Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Nacional del Peru 103.9 FM Public Peru
    Radio Super Stereo - Arequipa Spanish,World Tropical Peru
    San Borja 91.1 FM Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Libertad 820 Lima Classical Peru
    Radio Comas Lima 101.7 Varied Peru
    Bemol Radio Adult Contemporary Peru
    Panamericana Lima Latin Hits Peru
    Radio Bacan Sat World Tropical Peru
    Radio Callao Lima 1400 AM News Peru
    Pacífico Radio 640 AM Gospel Peru
    Unión Radio FM 103.3 Lima Folk Peru
    Radio Maria Peru Religious Peru
    Radio Planeta 107.7 Lima Varied Peru
    Radio Ovación Sports Peru
    Frecuencia Primera Varied Peru
    Ritmo Romantica 93.1 Varied Peru
    Radio Super Latina Folk Peru
    Radio Chalaca Varied Peru
    Radio Latidos Latin Hits Peru
    Radio La Fuerte Sullana Varied Peru
    Radio Yaravi, Arequipa News Talk Peru
    Radio Inca 540 AM Folk Peru
    Telestereo 88FM Lima Adult Contemporary Peru
    Top-X 90s,Pop,Top 40 Peru
    Filarmonia 102.7 Classical Peru
    Metropolitana Radio Lima 1040 AM Varied Peru

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