Umbra, penumbra and antumbra
Shadows
The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object. For a point source only the umbra is cast.
These names are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots.
Umbra
The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. Such an opaque object does not let light through it. An observer in the umbra experiences a total eclipse. The umbra of a round body occluding a round light source forms a right circular cone; to a viewer at the cone's apex, the two bodies are equal in apparent size. The distance from the Moon to the apex of its umbra is roughly equal to that between the Moon and Earth. Because the Earth is 3.7 times wider than the Moon, its umbra extends correspondingly farther, roughly 1.4 million kilometers.
Sunspot
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They correspond to concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots usually appear in pairs, with pair members of opposite magnetic polarity. The number of sunspots varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle.
Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with a size ranging from 16 kilometers (10 mi) to 160,000 kilometers (100,000 mi) in diameter. The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. They may travel at relative speeds, or proper motions of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.
Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops (prominences) and reconnection events. Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the sun are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured.
World of Darkness
World of Darkness is the name given to three related but distinct fictional universes created as settings for supernatural horror themed role-playing games. It is also the name of role-playing games in the second and third settings. The first was conceived by Mark Rein-Hagen, while the second was designed by several people at White Wolf Gaming Studio, which Rein-Hagen helped to found. The first two World of Darkness settings have been used for several horror–themed role-playing games that make use of White Wolf's storyteller/storytelling system, as well as Mind's Eye Theatre, a live action roleplaying game based on the core games. The third, Monte Cook's World of Darkness, created by Monte Cook based on the first two World of Darkness settings, includes only a single product.
Terminology and themes
In order to avoid confusing the two product lines, players refer to the most recent version of the World of Darkness line, released on August 21, 2004, as "New World of Darkness", and the previous version as "Classic World of Darkness". Prior to the re-release of cWoD it was often referred to as "oWoD" for "Original" or "Old" World of Darkness.
Podcasts:
Penumbra
ALBUMS
- Global Underground: Afterhours 2 released: 2005
Penumbra
ALBUMS
- Seclusion released: 2003
- The Last Bewitchment released: 2002
- Emanate released: 1999
-
by Torchbearer
-
by Drones
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
-
by Penumbra
Penumbra
by: TorchbearerSands brought by storming air
Covering all that was of good
Killing and suffocating any organism
To make fertile lands unborn
Nothing so painful
As a hole filled with regrets
No man good willing
Would take this one sin in
Into the nights of glowing
Holds no one thing too high
It can save you when lights fade
I will always be there
Such is our secret way now
From which no one will fall
And nothing seemed to matter
No remorse
They say it burns so vile
The scriptures of this life
In fears that must be over
I will never turn back
Unchained and bloody untamed
Comes out when no one sees
To raise what some call limbo
Chorus
So when they go light at heart
In great joy and become elated
When they habitually jump
Without consideration
When they are so very distraught
So in that blinding sorrow
Take it in and swallow it down
Don't stray in thoughts away
No regret shall pass
Over the threshold
Elevate and transcend
What was before now
Now that it is almost
Almost over and done with
The osmosis of a strange being
An environment made of putrefactions
And rocky roads in labyrinth's design
Where the obvious dark is seen white
Into the nights of glowing
Holds no one thing too high
It can save you when lights fade
I will always be there
Such is our secret way now
From which no one will fall
And nothing seemed to matter
So when they go light at heart
In great joy and become elated
When they habitually jump
Without consideration
When they are so very distraught
So in that blinding sorrow
Take it in and swallow it down
Don't stray in thoughts away
No regret shall pass
Latest News for: penumbra
Statement of Changes in Beneficial Ownership (Form 4) (Penumbra Inc)
Do you know your 'umbra' from your 'penumbra'? A quick guide to lunar and solar eclipse terms
- 1