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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (September 2010) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
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| Pegasus | |
|---|---|
 Bellerophon riding Pegasus (1914) |
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| Parents | Poseidon and Medusa |
| Siblings | Chrysaor |
| Mount | Mt. Olympus |
Pegasus (Ancient Greek: Πήγασος, Pégasos, Latin Pegasus) is one of the best known fantastical as well as mythological creatures in Greek mythology. He is a winged divine horse, usually depicted as white in colour. He was sired by Poseidon, in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the Gorgon Medusa.[1] He was the brother of Chrysaor, born at a single birthing when his mother was decapitated by Perseus. Greco-Roman poets write about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to Zeus, king of the gods, who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from Olympus. Friend of the Muses, Pegasus is the creator of Hippocrene, the fountain on Mt. Helicon. He was captured by the Greek hero Bellerophon near the fountain Peirene with the help of Athena and Poseidon. Pegasus allows the hero to ride him to defeat a monster, the Chimera, before realizing many other exploits. His rider, however, falls off his back trying to reach Mount Olympus. Zeus transformed him into the constellation Pegasus and placed him up in the sky.
Hypotheses have been proposed regarding its relationship with the Muses, the gods Athena, Poseidon, Zeus, Apollo, and the hero Perseus.
The symbolism of Pegasus varies with time. Symbol of wisdom and especially of fame from the Middle Ages until the Renaissance, he became one symbol of the poetry and the creator of sources in which the poets come to draw inspiration, particularly in the 19th century. Pegasus is the subject of a very rich iconography, especially through the ancient Greek pottery and paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance. Personification of the water, solar myth, or shaman mount, Carl Jung and his followers have seen in Pegasus a profound symbolic esoteric in relation to the spiritual energy that allows to access to the realm of the gods on Mount Olympus.
In the 20th and 21st century, he appeared in movies, in fantasy, in video games and in role play, where by extension, the term "pegasus" (plural: "pegasus") is often used to refer to any winged horse.
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Etymology [link]
The poet Hesiod connects the name Pegasus with the word for "spring, well", pēgē: "the pegai of Okeanos, where he was born;"[2]
A proposed etymology of the name is Luwian pihassas, meaning "lightning", and Pihassassi, a local Luwian-Hittite name in southern Cilicia of a weather god represented with thunder and lightning. The proponents of this etymology adduce Pegasus' role, reported as early as Hesiod, as bringer of thunderbolts to Zeus.[3] Fox (2009) criticizes this suggestion, saying that the connection of Pegasus with lightning bolts may be secondary, based on the "like-sounding name" of the Luwian god.[4]
Pegasus and springs [link]
According to legend, everywhere the winged horse struck his hoof to the earth, an inspiring spring burst forth. One of these springs was upon the Muses' Mount Helicon, the Hippocrene ("horse spring"),[5] opened, Antoninus Liberalis suggested,[6] at the behest of Poseidon to prevent the mountain swelling with rapture at the song of the Muses; another was at Troezen.[7] Hesiod relates how Pegasus was peacefully drinking from a spring when the hero Bellerophon captured him. Hesiod also says Pegasus carried thunderbolts for Zeus.
Birth [link]
There are several versions of the birth of the winged stallion and his brother Chrysaor in the far distant place at the edge of Earth, Hesiod's "springs of Oceanus, which encircles the inhabited earth, where Perseus found Medusa:
One is that they sprang from the blood issuing from Medusa's neck as Perseus was beheading her,[8] similar to the manner in which Athena was born from the head of Zeus. In another version, when Perseus beheaded Medusa, they were born of the Earth, fed by the Gorgon's blood. A variation of this story holds that they were formed from the mingling of Medusa's blood, Pain and sea foam, implying that Poseidon had involvement in their making. The last version bears resemblance to the birth of Aphrodite.
| Sire Poseidon |
Cronus | Uranus | Gaïa or Nyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gaïa or Nyx | |||
| Gaïa | Chaos | ||
| Chaos | |||
| Rhea | Uranus | Gaïa or Nyx | |
| Gaïa or Nyx | |||
| Gaïa | Chaos | ||
| Chaos | |||
| Dam Medusa |
Phorcys | Pontus | Ether or Uranus |
| Gaïa | |||
| Gaïa | Chaos | ||
| Chaos | |||
| Ceto | Pontus | Ether or Uranus | |
| Gaïa | |||
| Gaïa | Chaos | ||
| Chaos |
Bellerophon [link]
Pegasus aided the hero Bellerophon in his fight against both the Chimera and the Amazons. There are varying tales as to how Bellerophon found Pegasus; the most common[9] says that the hero was told by Polyeidos to sleep in the temple of Athena, where the goddess visited him in the night and presented him with a golden bridle. The next morning, still clutching the bridle, he found Pegasus drinking at the Pierian spring
Perseus [link]
Michaud's Biographie universelle relates that when Pegasus was born, he flew to where thunder and lightning is released. Then, according to certain versions of the myth, Athena tamed him and gave him to Perseus, who flew to Ethiopia to help Andromeda.[10]
In fact Pegasus is a late addition to the story of Perseus, who flew on his own with the sandals loaned him by Hermes.
Olympus [link]
Pegasus and Athena left Bellerophon and continued to Olympus where he was stabled with Zeus' other steeds, and was given the task of carrying Zeus' thunderbolts. Because of his faithful service to Zeus, he was honored with transformation into a constellation.[11] On the day of his catasterism, when Zeus transformed him into a constellation, a single feather fell to the earth near the city of Tarsus.[12]
Legacy [link]
World War II [link]
During World War II, the silhouetted image of Bellerophon the warrior, mounted on the winged Pegasus, was adopted by the United Kingdom's newly-raised parachute troops in 1941 as their upper sleeve insignia. The image clearly symbolized a warrior arriving at a battle by air, the same tactics used by paratroopers. The square upper-sleeve insignia comprised Bellerophon/Pegasus in light blue on a maroon background. The insignia was designed by famous English novelist Daphne du Maurier, who was married to the commander of the 1st Airborne Division (and later the expanded British Airborne Forces), General Frederick "Boy" Browning. According to The British Army Website, the insignia was designed by Major Edward Seago in May, 1942. The maroon background on the insignia was later used again by the Airborne Forces when they adopted the famous maroon beret in Summer 1942. The beret was the origin of the German nickname for British airborne troops, The Red Devils. Today's Parachute Regiment carries on the maroon beret tradition.
During the airborne phase of the Normandy invasion on the night of 5–6 June 1944, British 6th Airborne Division captured all its key objectives in advance of the seaborne assault, including the capture and holding at all costs of a vital bridge over the Caen Canal, near Ouistreham. In memory of their tenacity, the bridge has been known ever since as Pegasus Bridge.
Popular culture [link]
The winged horse that has provided an instantly recognizable corporate logo or emblem of inspiration.
See also [link]
- Arion (mythology)
- Buraq
- Chollima
- Luno The White Stallion
- Pegasides
- Sleipnir
- Tulpar
- Unicorn
- White horse (mythology)
- Wind horse
References [link]
- ^ Medusa, in her archaic centaur-like form. He appears in the incised relief on a mid-7th century BCE vase from Boeotia at the Louvre (CA795), illustrated in John Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray, Greece and the Hellenistic World (Oxford University Press) 1988, fig p 87.
- ^ Noted by Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring, pege, is expressed."
- ^ The connection of Pegasus with Pihassas was suggested by H.T. Bossert, "Die phönikisch-hethitischen Bilinguen vom Karatepe", Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschung, 2 1952/53:333, P. Frei, "Die Bellerophontessaga und das Alte Testament", in B. Janowski, K. Koch and G. Wilhelm, eds., Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und der Alte Testament, 1993:48f, and Hutter, "Der luwische Wettergott pihašsašsi under der griechischen Pegasos", in Chr. Zinko, ed. Studia Onomastica et Indogermanica... 1995:79-98, all noted in Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2009:207f.
- ^ "a storm god is not the origin of a horse. However, he had a like-sounding name, and Greek visitors to Cilicia may have connected their existing Pegasus with Zeus's lightning after hearing about this 'Pihassassi' and his functions and assuming, wrongly, he was their own Pegasus in a foreign land." Fox 2009:208.
- ^ Pausanias, 9. 31. 3.
- ^ Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 9
- ^ Pausanias, 2. 31. 9.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 281; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke 2. 42, et al. Harris, Stephen L. and Gloria Platzner. Classical Mythology: Images and Insights. 2nd ed. (New York: Mayfield Publishing), 1998. 234.
- ^ For example in Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.
- ^ Michaud, Joseph F. & Michaud, Louis G. (1833). Michaud Frères. ed (in French). Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ou Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes. 5. https://books.google.com/?id=HGRIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284&dq=P%C3%A9gase. Retrieved 23 June 2009
- ^ Aratus, Phaenomena 206; Scott Littleton, Mythology. The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth & Storytelling London: Duncan Baird, 2002:147. ISBN 1-903296-37-4
- ^ Grimal, Pierre (4 September 1996). Trans. by A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop. ed. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
Media related to Pegasus at Wikimedia Commons
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Pegasus (console)
Pegasus was a video game system sold in Poland, Serbia, and Bosnia. It was a hardware clone of the Nintendo Famicom.
Hardware
Background
This particular Famiclone was hugely popular in Poland, Serbia, and Bosnia, where it has gained cult status, and is still widely available on auction websites and flea markets.
The system was manufactured in Taiwan by Micro Genius, and was built to resemble Nintendo's Famicom. Pegasus, like most known Famicom clones, was compatible with 60-pin Famicom cartridges, and partially compatible with some NES games, which could be played using a special converter. Original Nintendo games weren't popular however, due to raging piracy and lack of officially licensed products on the market. The majority of the games sold with and for the system were cheap pirated copies, manufactured mostly in Russia and China.
The typical retail set included the system, two detachable controllers (both with "turbo" buttons, which meant 4 buttons in total; 6-button controllers also existed.), a light gun (very similar in design to NES Zapper), power supply, RF cable, as well as audio-video RCA connectors. The system itself did not include any built-in games, but was bundled with a pirated cartridge labelled "Contra 168-in-1", which contained a few of the best-known NES titles, like Contra, Super Mario Bros., and Tetris, listed multiple times with slight variations. Most of the games had a "trainer" feature, which allowed the player to adjust the number of lives, and even the starting level of the game.
Pegasus (hovercraft)
The Pegasus is a hovercraft vehicle made for educational purposes. The plans could be purchased from an article in the January 1984 issue of Popular Mechanics.
In the construction process, larger lawn mower engines could be added to lift a heavier payload.
External links
Forum for Women and Development
The Forum for Women and Development (Norwegian: Forum for Kvinner og Utviklingsspørsmål), often known as FOKUS Kvinner, is a Norwegian non-governmental organization aimed at spreading information on women-centered development cooperation and to be a cooperation forum for the Norwegian women's organisations in regard to their development activities in the Global South.
It was founded in 1995. Its primary goal according to its bylaws is to contribute to the improvement of women’s social, economic, and political situation in the Global South. As of 2014, the organization consists of 65 women's organizations and women's committees in political parties, trade unions, and solidarity and aid organizations; however, some of these are very small or represent organisations not primarily concerned with women's issues. FOKUS only has other organizations as members, and does not have individual members. FOKUS receives financial support from the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (UD) through framework agreements on development and information activities. Since 2015, Elin Ranum is President of FOKUS. FOKUS has a small secretariat in Oslo which supports the Executive Board in their work.
