Peace lines

The peace lines or peace walls are a series of border barriers in Northern Ireland that separate Catholic and Protestant neighbourhoods. They have been built at urban interface areas in Belfast, Derry, Portadown and elsewhere. The stated purpose of the peace lines is to minimise inter-communal violence between Catholics (most of whom are nationalists who self-identify as Irish) and Protestants (most of whom are unionists who self-identify as British).

The peace lines range in length from a few hundred yards to over three miles (5 km). They may be made of iron, brick, and/or steel and are up to 25 feet (7.6 m) high. Some have gates in them (sometimes staffed by police) that allow passage during daylight but are closed at night.

History

The first peace lines were built in 1969, following the outbreak of the 1969 Northern Ireland riots and "the Troubles". They were built as temporary structures meant to last only six months, but due to their effective nature they have become wider, longer and more permanent. Originally few in number, they have multiplied over the years, from 18 in the early 1990s to 48 today; in total they stretch over 21 miles (34 km), with most located in Belfast. They have been increased in both height and number since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.

Syngman Rhee Line

The Syngman Rhee Line (Hanja:李承晩線, Hangul: 이승만 라인) refers to a boundary line established by South Korean President Syngman Rhee in his "Peace Line" (평화선, Hanja:平和線) declaration of January 18, 1952, which included the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) in Korean territory.

Rhee stated that the purpose of the line was to protect Korea's marine resources around the Sea of Japan (East Sea); therefore it banned non-Korean fishing boats from inside the territory, and Liancourt Rocks in particular.

South Korea had demanded that the MacArthur line established after World War II continue to be enforced, though on August 10, 1951, the United States sent Korean Ambassador Yang You Chan the Rusk documents, stating that the official policy of the United States was that the MacArthur line would be abolished by the Treaty of San Francisco. The treaty was signed on September 8 of the same year, about a month after the documents were sent, and was to come into effect on April 28, 1952. In response, the South Korean government declared the Syngman Rhee Line three months before this date, when the extinction of the MacArthur line and the return of sovereignty to Japan were meant to be established.