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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010) |
 Surgeons in an operating room |
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| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Names | Medical Surgeon |
| Activity sectors | Medicine |
| Description | |
| Education required | Degree in medicine |
In Medicine, a surgeon is a specialist in surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether that of a human or other animal, for a specific reason such as the removal of diseased tissue or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be physicians, dentists, podiatrists or veterinarians.
Minimally invasive procedures such as the procedures of interventional radiology are sometimes described as "minimally invasive surgery." The field traditionally described as interventional neuroradiology, for instance, is increasingly called neurointerventional surgery.
Robotic surgery is an area of growing interest.[citation needed]
A study in the United States came to the result that surgeons in private practice had higher levels of distress and lower career satisfactions than those practicing in an academic setting.[1]
In the U.S., surgeons train for longer than other specialists; only after 9 years of training do they qualify. These years include 4 years of medical school and a minimum of 5 years of residency.
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History [link]
In early recorded history, surgery was mostly associated with barber surgeons who were both haircutting barbers who also used their cutting tools to undertake surgical procedures, often an the battlefield and also for their royal paymasters. With advances in medicine and physiology, the professions of barbers and surgeons diverged from each other and by the 19th century barber surgeons had virtually disappeared. In 1950, the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title Mister became a badge of honour, and today after someone graduates from medical school with the degrees MBBS or MB ChB, (or variants thereof) in these countries they are called "Doctor" until they are able, after at least four years' training, to obtain a surgical qualification: formerly Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons but also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons or a number of other diplomas, they are given the honour of being allowed to revert back to calling themselves Mr, Miss, Mrs or Ms in the course of their professional practice, but this time the meaning is different. Patients in the UK may assume that the change of title implies Consultant status (and some mistakenly think non-surgical consultants are Mr too), but the length of postgraduate medical training outside North America is such that a Mr (etc.) may be years away from obtaining such a post: many doctors used to obtain these qualifications in the Senior House Officer grade, and remain in that grade when they began sub-specialty training. The distinction of Mr (etc) is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and some other Commonwealth countries.[2]
Specialties and allied fields [link]
- Cardiac surgery (in the USA considered part of cardiothoracic surgery)
- Colon and rectal surgery
- Dental surgery
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Transplant surgery
- Upper gastrointestinal surgery
- Vascular surgery
- Maxillofacial surgery
- Neurological surgery
- Obstetrics and gynaecology
- Orthopaedic surgery
- Ophthalmology
- Otolaryngology
- Pediatric surgery
- Plastic surgery
- Podiatric surgery
- Surgical oncology
- Trauma surgery
- Thoracic surgery (in the USA considered part of cardiothoracic surgery)
- Urology
- Veterinary surgery
There are only about 1200 transplant surgeons.
Some medical doctors who are general practitioners or specialists in family medicine or emergency medicine may perform limited ranges of minor, common, or emergency surgery. Anesthesia often accompanies surgery, and anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists may oversee this aspect of surgery. First assistants, surgical nurses, surgical technologists and operating department practitioners are trained professionals who support surgeons.
Pioneer surgeons [link]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (considered the father of modern surgery,[3])
- Sushruta (the first to document an operation of open rhinoplasty[4])
- Charles Kelman (Invented phacoemulsification, the technique of modern cataract surgery)
- William Stewart Halsted (initiated surgical residency training in U.S., pioneer in many fields)
- Alfred Blalock (first modern day successful open heart surgery in 1944)
- C. Walton Lillehei (labeled "Father of modern day open heart surgery")
- Christiaan Barnard (cardiac surgery, first heart transplantation)
- Victor Chang Australian pioneer of heart transplantation
- John Hunter (Scottish, viewed as the father of modern surgery, performed hundreds of dissections, served as the model for Dr. Jekyll.)
- Sir Victor Horsley (neurosurgery)
- Lars Leksell (neurosurgery, inventor of radiosurgery)
- Joseph Lister (discoverer of surgical sepsis, Listerine named in his honour)
- Harvey Cushing (pioneer, and often considered the father of, modern neurosurgery)
- Gholam A. Peyman (Inventor of LASIK,[5])
- Nikolay Pirogov (the founder of field surgery)
- Lall Sawh (Trinidadian Urologist, pioneer of Kidney transplant surgery and early proponent of Viagra usage)
- Valery Shumakov (pioneer of artificial organs implantation)
- Svyatoslav Fyodorov (creator of radial keratotomy)
- Gazi Yasargil (Turkish neurosurgeon, founder of microneurosurgery)
- Rene Favaloro (first surgeon to perform bypass surgery)
- Michael R. Harrison (pioneer of fetal surgery)
- Michael DeBakey (educator and innovator in the field of cardiac surgery)
- Fidel Pagés (pioneer of epidural anesthesia)
Organizations and fellowships [link]
References [link]
- ^ Balch, C. M.; Shanafelt, T. D.; Sloan, J. A.; Satele, D. V.; Freischlag, J. A. (2011). "Distress and Career Satisfaction Among 14 Surgical Specialties, Comparing Academic and Private Practice Settings". Annals of Surgery 254 (4): 558–568. DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318230097e. PMID 21946217.
- ^ Mr. Keith Mutimer
- ^ A. Martin-Araguz, C. Bustamante-Martinez, Ajo V. Fernandez-Armayor, J. M. Moreno-Martinez (2002)
- ^ Ira D. Papel, John Frodel, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- ^ US Patent 4,840,175, "METHOD FOR MODIFYING CORNEAL CURVATURE", granted June 20, 1989
https://wn.com/Surgeon
Strange Mercy
Strange Mercy is the third studio album by musician St. Vincent, released by 4AD on September 12, 2011, in the United Kingdom and a day later in the United States. The album's cover art was designed by St. Vincent, and was photographed by Tina Tyrell. The album peaked at #19 on the Billboard 200, making it St. Vincent's highest charting album yet, only to be surpassed by her next solo album, St. Vincent. In addition, Strange Mercy also received significant critical acclaim.
The album was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork Media in August 2014.
Background and recording
Strange Mercy was written in Seattle while Annie Clark spent time in isolation there, an experience Clark described as a "loneliness experiment" and "a cleanse." The reason she spent time in isolation was to escape from the information overload she was experiencing with New York and modern technology. Clark arrived in Seattle on October 2010 and stayed at the Ace Hotel. She used a studio provided by Jason McGerr to record her materials.
Surgeon (musician)
Surgeon is the pseudonym of Anthony Child (born 1 May 1971), an English electronic musician and DJ. Child releases music on his own labels Counterbalance and Dynamic Tension. Established imprints, such as Tresor, Soma, and Harthouse, have also released Surgeon's original material and remixes. He has also been recognized as one of the first wave of DJs to use Ableton Live and Final Scratch to supplement his DJ sets.
History
Child grew up in Kislingbury, a village in Northamptonshire. In 1989, he moved to Birmingham to study audio-visual design, played in a jazz/rock/fusion band called Blim, and learned to DJ from friend Paul Damage. At that time, there were no Techno clubs in Birmingham so he and his friends started House of God, and by 1992 he was DJing there regularly. In 1994, he released his eponymous debut EP on Downwards Records.
Surgeon's musical style is characterised by his incorporation of the more cinematic and left field aspects of his musical background into his club-based material. His production, remix, and DJ repertoire are inspired by krautrock and industrial music bands such as Faust, Coil, and Whitehouse. In particular, the extent of Coil's influence is such that most of the track titles from Surgeon's Tresor album "Force and Form" are direct references to Coil recordings. Child also is influenced by Chicago house, Techno, Dub music, and Electro, and also from non-musical works by Mike Leigh, David Lynch, William S. Burroughs, Bret Easton Ellis, and Cindy Sherman.
Particle
A particle is a minute fragment or quantity of matter. In the physical sciences, the word is used to describe a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume or mass; subatomic particles such as protons or neutrons; and other elementary particles. The word is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields. Something that is composed of particles may be referred to as being particulate. However, the term particulate is most frequently used to refer to pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, which are a suspension of unconnected particles, rather than a connected particle aggregation.
Conceptual properties
The concept of particles is particularly useful when modelling nature, as the full treatment of many phenomena is complex. It can be used to make simplifying assumptions concerning the processes involved. Francis Sears and Mark Zemansky, in University Physics, give the example of calculating the landing location and speed of a baseball thrown in the air. They gradually strip the baseball of most of its properties, by first idealizing it as a rigid smooth sphere, then by neglecting rotation, buoyancy and friction, ultimately reducing the problem to the ballistics of a classical point particle. The treatment of large numbers of particles is the realm of statistical physics.
Particle (disambiguation)
A particle in the physical sciences is a small localized object to which can be ascribed physical properties.
Particle may also refer to:
Physics
- Elementary particle, or fundamental particle, a particle of which other particles are composed
- Particle physics, the study of subatomic particles
- See list of particles for more uses
Chemistry
- Particle, the solid or liquid particles in an aerosol
Other uses
Particle (ecology)
In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater. However, they eventually settle (rate determined by Stokes' law) and accumulate as sediment. Some can enter the atmosphere through wave action where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Many organisms filter particles out of the water with unique filtration mechanisms (filter feeders). Particles are often associated with high loads of toxins which attach to the surface. As these toxins are passed up the food chain they accumulate in fatty tissue and become increasingly concentrated in predators (see bioaccumulation). Very little is known about the dynamics of particles, especially when they are re-suspended by dredging. They can remain floating in the water and drift over long distances. The decomposition of some particles by bacteria consumes a lot of oxygen and can cause the water to become hypoxic.
Particle analysis
Particle levels in water (or air) can be measured with a turbidity meter and analyzed with a particle counter. They can also be scanned with an underwater microscope, such as ecoSCOPE. Collected particles of size 20 - 200 micrometers hovering in the free water in the vicinity of a harbor had the following contaminant levels (table). Many of those contaminants are carcinogenic.
