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Coordinates: 51°56′27″N 1°15′11″E / 51.9407°N 1.2531°E / 51.9407; 1.2531

Parkeston
Parkeston  Parkeston shown within Essex
OS grid reference	TM236319
District	Tendring
Shire county	Essex
Region	East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	HARWICH
Postcode district	CO12
Dialling code	01255
Police	Essex
Fire	Essex
Ambulance	East of England
EU Parliament	East of England
UK Parliament	Harwich
List of places: UK • England • Essex

Parkeston ( /ˈpɑːrkstən/) is a North Sea port in Essex, England, situated on the south bank of the River Stour about one mile (1.6 km) up-river from Harwich.

History [link]

In the 1880s, reclaimed land that had been Ray Island was developed by the Great Eastern Railway Company (GER) as a railway depot for import/export trade with the European mainland. The new port was named Parkeston Quay, after Charles H. Parkes, Chairman of the GER. The existing railway line was re-routed to pass through the port, although the original railway embankment, through an overgrown area known locally as The Hangings, still exists.^[1] Most of the terraced housing in Parkeston was built for railway employees and some of the streets in the village have names that can be theoretically linked to the shipping and general activities of the railway, examples being Tyler Street [ paddle steamer 'The Lady Tyler' ], Hamilton Street [ paddle steamer 'Claud Hamilton' ], Adelaide Street [ paddle steamer 'Adelaide' ] and Princess Street [ paddle steamer 'Princess of Wales' ].

Claud Hamilton, a former chairman of GER, also gave his name [ Hamilton Park ] to the extensive playing fields between the village and the station/quay area.

Parkeston is known locally as "Spike Island" or "Cinder City". The 'Cinder City' name was particularly appropriate given the large areas of marshland or saltings that were reclaimed, frequently using waste material from the railway activities.

There can be very few examples of a village created by a railway company to house the company's workers for their very extensive railway and shipping services. The railway operation also including a locomotive shed and very extensive marine workshops to service the fleet of vessels based on the port. That fleet comprising up to a dozen ferries and cargo vessels at a peak.

From early in the 20th century, major passenger ferry services were developed, mainly to the Hook of Holland (with the slogan "Harwich to the Hook of Holland") and later to Esbjerg in Denmark. During both World Wars, however, Parkeston served as an important naval base. Parkeston Quay is now named Harwich International Port and the railway station is named Harwich International. Parkeston is also now faced, across the Stour estuary, by the UK's busiest container port, the Port of Felixstowe.

Timeline [link]

• 1883: Parkeston Quay was officially opened by Charles H. Parkes, Chairman of the Great Eastern Railway Company.
• 1914–1918: The 8th and 9th submarine flotillas of the Royal Navy were based at Parkeston Quay, including all of the E-Class submarines. Between 1916 and 1917, four submarines sank as a result of collisions outside the harbour: E4, E41, C16 and E36. Although the first three craft were salvaged, only 15 crew survived.^[2][3]
• 1917: Section II of the wartime Board of Invention and Research established a research station at the Quay under Sir William Bragg and Sir Ernest Rutherford to investigate the use of ASDIC and electro-magnetism to detect submarines.^[4]
• 1918: 113 submarines of the German fleet surrendered to the Royal Navy Submarine Service at Parkeston Quay on 20 November, a day before the High Seas Fleet surrendered at Scapa Flow.
• 1939: Parkeston Quay was again requisitioned by the Admiralty for naval purposes, during which time it was known as HMS Badger, until 1945.
• 1946: The quay suffered extensive damage in air raids during the Second World War.
• 1953: One of the Harwich based ferries, the "Duke of York" had her bows completely cut off in a collision with an American cargo ship, and the Danish passenger liner Kronprins Frederik caught fire while docked and capsized alongside the quay. Both casualties sat together in adjacent berths awaiting repair.

The village also suffered very severe flooding in the East Coast Floods of that springtime. The railway embankment which also acted as the sea wall was breached south of the loco shed immediately east of the village.^[5]

• 1964: The Carless oil refinery opened next to the port, adding oil tankers to the traffic.
• 1974: The 130-metre ro-ro ship St Edmund came into service and remained on the Hook route until being requisitioned by the UK Ministry of Defence in 1982 as a troop ship during the Falklands War.^[6]
• 1983: The St Nicholas, the largest superferry on the North Sea at that time, commenced service from Harwich.
• 1986: More than 2 million passengers annually passed through the port for the first time.
• 1989: Last call of the MS Braemar and end of the summer service to Kristiansand, Norway, which had been operated by Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines since 1967.
• 1992: Construction of No.2 linkspan was completed, in readiness for vessels of 200 metres loa.
• 1994: The annual number of trade vehicles moving through the port peaked at nearly 270,000.
• 1997: A £12 million development was completed to accommodate the Stena Discovery high-speed ferry.
• 1998: Harwich International Port became part of Hutchison Ports (UK) Ltd, a subsidiary of the multinational conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa Ltd (HWL), which also owns through subsidiaries the Port of Felixstowe.

Gallery [link]

• Parkestonstation.jpg

  Parkeston Station (now Harwich International) in Victorian times

• 

  An 1804 chart of Harwich area from a survey by Graeme Spence - enlargement shows "Ray Isle".

References [link]