Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent. Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak. Outbreaks may also refer to epidemics, which affect a region in a country or a group of countries, or pandemics, which describe global disease outbreaks.
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Outbreak investigation [link]
When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these include the following:[1]
- Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
- Identify the existence of the outbreak (Is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?)
- Create a case definition to define who/what is included as a case
- Map the spread of the outbreak using Information technology as diagnosis is reported to insurance
- Develop a hypothesis (What appears to be causing the outbreak?)
- Study hypothesis (collect data and perform analysis)
- Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
- Develop and implement control and prevention systems
- Release findings to greater communities
Types [link]
There are several outbreak patterns, which can be useful in identifying the transmission method or source, and predicting the future rate of infection. Each has a distinctive epidemic curve, or histogram of case infections and deaths.[2]
- Common source – All victims acquire the infection from the same source (e.g. a contaminated water supply).[3]
- Continuous source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs over multiple incubation periods
- Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period[4]
- Propagated – Transmission occurs from person to person.[5]
Outbreaks can also be:
- Behavioral risk related (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases, increased risk due to malnutrition)[6]
- Zoonotic – The infectious agent is endemic to an animal population.
Patterns of occurrence are:
- Endemic – a communicable disease, such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds, small pox, which is characteristic of a particular place, or among a particular group, or area of interest or activity
- Epidemic – when this disease is found to infect a significantly larger number of people at the same time than is common at that time, and among that population, and may spread through one or several communities.
- Pandemic – occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.
Outbreak legislation [link]
Outbreak legislation is still in its infancy and not many countries have had a direct and complete set of the provisions.[7][8] However, some countries do manage the outbreaks using relevant acts, such as public health law.[9]
References [link]
- ^ Steps of an Outbreak Investigation, EXCITE | Epidemiology in the Classroom | Outbreak Steps
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms, Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program". https://library.scahec.net/view/product/32. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
- ^ Star Publications. "‘Outbreak actions protected by law’". https://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/courts/21834412&sec=courts. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
- ^ The State of Queensland Government. "Legislation and Powers of Entry". https://www.health.qld.gov.au/dengue/managing_outbreaks/legislation.asp. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
External links [link]
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Look up outbreak in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Outbreak (film)
Outbreak is a 1995 American medical disaster film directed by Wolfgang Petersen and very loosely based on Richard Preston's non-fiction book The Hot Zone. The film stars Dustin Hoffman, Rene Russo and Morgan Freeman, and co-stars Cuba Gooding, Jr., Kevin Spacey, Donald Sutherland and Patrick Dempsey.
The film focuses on an outbreak of a fictional Ebola-like virus called Motaba in Zaire and later in a small town in the United States. Its primary settings are government disease control centers USAMRIID and the CDC, and the fictional town of Cedar Creek, California. Outbreak's plot speculates how far military and civilian agencies might go to contain the spread of a deadly contagion.
The film was released on March 10, 1995 and proved a box office success. It was nominated for various awards but failed to garner any major award nominations. It also raised various "what-if" scenarios: media outlets began to question what the government would really do in a similar situation and if the CDC has plans in case an outbreak ever does occur. A real-life outbreak of the Ebola virus was occurring in Zaire during the time of the film's release.
Outbreak (DJ)
Biography
John-Paul (JP) Pirrello was born on 27th of December, 1984 in Sydney Australia. Known on stage as Hardstyle DJ and music producer Outbreak, he has been active in producing and performing Hard Dance Music, specifically Hardstyle since 2002. In his initial years, JP performed under the name NitrouZ and released tracks "City Bitch," "Crazy Music" with DJ Duro and "Lonely Dark" with Zany, which were picked up among many fans worldwide. During these years, he released his music on a number of labels including Dutch Master Works and Fusion Records. As NitrouZ, JP performed at many parties in Australia and The Netherlands such as Defqon.1 Festival, Dance Valley, Q-Dance: The Next Level, X-Qlusive Showtek, Q-BASE, Euphoria and many more.
In 2013, the alias NitrouZ was discontinued and JP re-launched himself as Outbreak, signing to Brennan Heart's record label, WE R Music and representing its sub-label WE R Raw. Outbreak quickly established himself in the Hardstyle scene by re leasing populartracks "A New Today," "Get The Mean" with DV8 Rocks!, his official remix of Adaro's "Hit You With That Bang Shit" and "#Bassface," which gained over 500,000 plays on YouTube.
Love child
"Love child" is a euphemism for a child born out of wedlock. See Legitimacy (law).
Love child may also refer to:
- "Love Child" (song), a number one hit from this album
Lovechild (Curved Air album)
Lovechild is the seventh studio album credited to progressive rock band Curved Air, though only half the tracks are actually performed by the group. The album consists of previously unreleased demos overseen by Clifford Adams in the early 1970s: one by John O'Hara, two by Eddie Jobson, one by Kirby, and four by Curved Air. Vocalist Sonja Kristina explained the album's origin:
As implied in Sonja Kristina's comment, Lovechild is essentially an "official" bootleg; neither Warner Brothers nor any of the band members gave permission for the demos to be released, and no royalties were paid to any of the band members from its sales. Years after she made the above comments, however, Repertoire Records obtained permission from both Warner Brothers and the musicians to reissue the album, and in 2011 a legit version with new liner notes was released, though unlike the original release it appeared only on CD.
The four Curved Air demos were recorded between Air Cut and the band's breakup. Jim Russell and Kirby Gregory had already left, and were replaced on the demos by Florian Pilkington-Miksa and Icelandic guitarist Thordur Arnason, known to the other band members as simply "Thor".
Lovechild (band)
Lovechild are a rock / indie band from Belfast, Northern Ireland. They first rose to prominence in 2003 with their first two singles "Hope You Have a Lovely Day", and "The Siren". Regular gigs at Belfast venues such as The Empire, Mandela Hall, The Rosetta as well as festivals like Glasgowbury, saw them build their following.
Band members
Early exposure
The band gained notoriety when "Hope You Have A Lovely Day" was chosen as part of a North American ad campaign by VisitBritain.ca in order to increase tourism to the United Kingdom. The song was featured on the accompanying album Visit Britain Rocks, released on EMI. Following this, their songs found their way onto many soundtracks including for the adventure documentary series "This Is The Sea" by filmmaker Justine Curgenven, which played on National Geographic Channel, Sky, and BBC television. Volume One featured "Hope You Have A Lovely Day" and "The Siren", while Volume Two featured "Killin' Me". Both received DVD release. They won the Belfast Empire heat of GBOB in winter 2004, and toured continuously over the following months. The Friendly Fire EP gained favourable press reviews in publications such as Logo Magazine, Juxta Fanzine, Big List and The Fly UK Gig Guide.
