An orda (also orda, ordu, ordo, ordon) or horde was an historical sociopolitical and military structure found on the Eurasian Steppe, usually associated with the Mongols. This entity can be seen as regional equivalent of a clan or a tribe. Some successful ordas gave rise to khanates.
While the Slavic term, ordo, and western, horde, were in origin a borrowing from the Mongol term ordo for "camp, headquarters", the original term did not carry the meaning of a large khanates such as the Golden Horde. These structures were contemporarily referred to as ulus ("nation" or "tribe"). It was only in the Late Middle Ages that the Slavic usage of orda was borrowed back into the Turkic languages.[clarification needed]
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Etymology [link]
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Look up horde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
[edit] Mongol ordo
Etymologically, the word "orda" comes from the Mongolian word ordo,[1] or Turkic "orta", which means side, section, tent or direction.[2] translated as "camp" or "palace, tent".[3] and thence "seat of power"[4] or "royal court".[5][6]
Within the Liao Empire of the Khitans, the word ordo was used to refer to a nobleman's personal entourage or court, which included servants, retainers, and bodyguards. Emperors, empresses, and high ranking princes all had ordos of their own, which they were free to manage in practically any way they chose.
The Kazakh language name the division of an army was jüz "hundred.[7]
William of Rubruck described the Mongol mobile tent as follows:
The dwelling in which they sleep is based on a hoop of interlaced branches, and its supports are made of branches, converging at the top around a small hoop, from which projects a neck like a chimney. They cover it with white felt: quite often they also smear the felt with chalk or white clay and ground bones to make it gleam whiter, or sometimes they blacken it. And they decorate the felt around the neck at the top with various fine designs. Similarly they hang up in front of the entrance felt patchwork in various patterns: they sew onto one piece others of different colours to make vines, trees, birds and animals. These dwellings are constructed of such a size as to be on occasions thirty feet (9 metres) across: I myself once measured a breadth of twenty feet (6 metres) between the wheel tracks of a wagon, and when the dwelling was on the wagon it protruded beyond the wheels by at least five feet on either side. I have counted twenty-two oxen to one wagon, hauling along a dwelling, eleven in a row, corresponding to the width of the wagon, and another eleven in front of them. The wagon's axle was as large as a ship's mast, and one man stood at the entrance to the dwelling on top of the wagon, driving the oxen.—William of Rubruck, c. 1220 – c. 1293[8]
...we saw a vast city on the move with its inhabitants, with mosques and bazaars in it, the smoke of the kitchens rising in the air (for they cook while on the march), and horse drawn wagons transporting the people. On reaching the camping place they took down the tents from the wagons and set them on the ground, for they are light to carry, and so likewise they did with the mosque and shops.—Ibn Battuta, 1331–1332[9]
[edit] Slavic orda
The Mongol word via Tatar passed into East Slavic as orda (орда), and by the 1550s into English as horde, probably via Polish and French or Spanish. The unetymological initial h- is found in all western European forms and was likely first attached in the Polish form horda.[10]
It should be noted that the Russian word orda could refer to a large political entity (as in Golden Horde) but also to smaller army camps.[dubious ][11][6]
Mongol Empire [link]
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1911) defined orda as "a tribe or troop of Asiatic nomads dwelling in tents or wagons, and migrating from place to place to procure pasturage for their cattle, or for war or plunder."[12]
Merriam–Webster defined horde in this context as "a political subdivision of central Asian people" or "a people or tribe of nomadic life".[13]
Ordas would form when families settled in auls would find it impossible to survive in that area and were forced to move. Often, periods of drought would coincide with the rise in the number of ordas. Ordas were patriarchal, with its male members constituting a military. While some ordas were able to sustain itself from their herds, others turned to pillaging its neighbors. In subsequent fighting, some ordas were destroyed, others assimilated. The most successful ones would, for a time, assimilate most or all other ordas of the Eurasian Steppe and turn to raiding neighboring political entities; those ordas often left their mark on the history, the most famous of them being the Golden Horde of the latter Mongol Empire.[14]
Famous ordas (hordes) included:
- the White Horde, formed 1226
- the Blue Horde, formed 1227
- the Golden Horde, a Tatar-Mongol state established in the 1240s
- the Great Horde, remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502
- the Nogai Horde, a Tatar clan situated in the Caucasus Mountain region, formed in the 1390s
Modern Kazakh tribes [link]
The term is also used to denote separate Kazakh tribes (or grouping of tribes).[2] In modern day, there three different groupings are differentiated: the Lesser Horde (little jüz) in western Kazakhstan, the Middle Horde (middle jüz) in central Kazakhstan and the Greater Horde (great jüz) in southeastern Kazakhstan.[7]
References [link]
- ^ Abbott Gleason (2009). A companion to Russian history. Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-1-4051-3560-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA82. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ a b Hasan Celāl Güzel; Cem Oğuz; Osman Karatay; Murat Ocak (2002). The Turks: Middle ages. Yeni Türkiye. https://books.google.com/books?id=OmFtAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ Michael Burgan (August 2009). Empire of the Mongols. Infobase Publishing. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-1-60413-163-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=du9IBqrbMcYC&pg=PA12. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ Leo de Hartog (1996). Russia and the Mongol yoke: the history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde, 1221–1502. British Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85043-961-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=CANpAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ Michael Kohn (1 May 2008). Mongolia. Lonely Planet. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-1-74104-578-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVGCF-MPB0C&pg=PA25. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ a b Willem van Ruysbroeck; Giovanni di Piano Carpini (abp. of Antivari) (1900). The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–5. Printed for the Hakluyt Society. pp. 57–. https://books.google.com/books?id=DmgMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ a b Svatopluk Soucek (2000). A history of inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-521-65704-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=7E8gYYcHuk8C&pg=PA195. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ Richard Hakluyt, Charles Raymond Beazley, Giovanni, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Hakluyt Society, Willem van Ruysbroeck, Geoffrey, William Lambarde, Bede, Ohthere, Wulfstan, John Dee, Florence, Saxo, Ives de Narbonne (2005). The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis. Printed for the Hakluyt society.
- ^ Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24385-4.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition 1989th s.v. horde
- ^ Peter Neville; David Woodroffe (11 April 2006). A Traveller's History of Russia. Interlink Books. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-56656-645-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnzvKjNrqmgC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ William Dwight Whitney; Benjamin Eli Smith (1911). The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary ... prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney ... rev. & enl. under the superintendence of Benjamin E. Smith. The Century co.. pp. 2883–. https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ_pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2883. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ Merriam–Webster; Inc (2003). Merriam–Webster's collegiate dictionary. Merriam–Webster. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=RA1-PA599. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth (1 November 2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2 the So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc.. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA1. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
See also [link]
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https://wn.com/Orda_(organization)
Ordo
Ordo (Latin "order, rank, class") may refer to:
ORDO (journal)
ORDO — Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (English: The Ordo Yearbook of Economic and Social Order, most commonly referred to as Ordo Yearbook, or simply as ORDO) is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1948 by the German economists Walter Eucken and Franz Böhm. The journal focuses on the economic and political institutions governing modern society.
History
The term ordoliberalism was coined echoing the journal's title. Furthermore, the concept of social market economy, being the main economic model used in Western and Northern Europe during and after the Cold War era, has been developed nearly exclusively within ORDO.
Today, the journal's mission is to provide a forum of debate for scholars of diverse disciplines such as economics, law, political science, sociology, and philosophy.ORDO is published annually. Articles are published either in German or in English. ORDO also contains book reviews.
References
External links
Palace
A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop.
The word itself is derived from the Latin name Palātium, for Palatine Hill, the hill which housed the Imperial residences in Rome. In many parts of Europe, the term is also applied to ambitious private mansions of the aristocracy. Many historic palaces are now put to other uses such as parliaments, museums, hotels or office buildings. The word is also sometimes used to describe a lavishly ornate building used for public entertainment or exhibitions.
Etymology
The word "palace" comes from Old French palais (imperial residence), from Latin Palātium, the name of one of the seven hills of Rome. The original "palaces" on the Palatine Hill were the seat of the imperial power while the "capitol" on the Capitoline Hill was the religious nucleus of Rome. Long after the city grew to the seven hills the Palatine remained a desirable residential area. Emperor Caesar Augustus lived there in a purposely modest house only set apart from his neighbours by the two laurel trees planted to flank the front door as a sign of triumph granted by the Senate. His descendants, especially Nero, with his "Golden House" enlarged the house and grounds over and over until it took up the hill top. The word Palātium came to mean the residence of the emperor rather than the neighbourhood on top of the hill.
Palace Films and Cinemas
Palace Films and Cinemas is an Australian film production and distribution company that is also a major cinema chain especially in Melbourne. Palace Cinemas currently comprises 20 cinemas with 85 screens. The business employs over 500 staff and the head office is in the Melbourne suburb of Balwyn, connected to the Balwyn Theatre (also called Balwyn Cinema), which is the oldest theatre/cinema operated by Palace, having opened in 1930. The cinemas generally specialise in a mixture of foreign language, mainstream and art house films. In 2015 they also generally introduced a focus on classic movies partly due to the acquisition of The Astor Theatre.
Palace Films
Palace has produced and distributed such Australian films as Kokoda and Chopper, and distribute many foreign language films in Australia.
Palace Cinemas
The Palace Cinema chain operates in most states, except Tasmania and the Northern Territory. They exhibit films of either a mainstream, classic or an arthouse type, but the cinemas are usually focused on one film type or the other. The mainstream cinemas usually have several auditoriums that are fitted for projecting RealD 3D films, but unlike other major chains this is only on one or two dedicated screens. Initially Palace used Dolby 3D for several years before converting to the cheaper 3D format.
Will Oldham
Will Oldham (born December 24, 1970), better known by the stage name Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, is an American singer-songwriter and actor. From 1993 to 1997, he performed and recorded under variations of the Palace name, including the Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, and Palace Music. After releasing material under his own name, he adopted the "Bonnie 'Prince' Billy" moniker for the majority of his output since 1998.
Biography
Oldham was born on December 24, 1970, in Louisville, Kentucky. Oldham lived in Louisville until he graduated high school in 1988. After graduating from high school, Oldham briefly attended Brown University. He attended Brown University periodically amidst his career in music and film.
Music
Oldham is known for his "do-it-yourself punk aesthetic and blunt honesty," and his music has been likened to Americana, folk, roots, country, punk, and indie rock. He has been called an "Appalachian post-punk solipsist", with a voice that has been described as "a fragile sort-of warble frittering around haunted melodies in the American folk or country tradition."
