Olation

In inorganic chemistry, olation is the process by which metal ions form polymeric oxides in aqueous solution. The phenomenon is important to understand the relationship between metal ions in aqueous solution and metal oxides, which are represented by many minerals.

At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aqua coordination complexes, often with the formula [M(H₂O)₆]³⁺. As the pH increases, one O-H bond ionizes to give the hydroxide complex, the conjugate base of the parent hexaaqua complex:

The hydroxo complex is poised to undergo olation, which is initiated by displacement of one water by a neighboring complex:

In this product, the hydroxide ligand bridges between the two metals, this bridge is denoted with the symbol μ. In the resulting 5+ ion, the remaining water and hydroxo ligands are highly acidic and the ionization and condensation processes can continue at still higher pHs. The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called “oxolation,” although sometimes olation and oxolation are not distinguished: