Official (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. There are two categories of officials, on-ice officials, who are the referees and linesmen that enforce the rules during game play, and off-ice officials, who have an administrative role rather than an enforcement role.

On-ice officials

As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink. They are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white striped shirt. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a finger whistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, off-ice officials, both verbally and via hand signals. Starting in 1955 with the introduction of the black-and-white jersey, NHL on-ice officials wore numbers on their back for identification. In 1977, NHL officials removed the number and had their surnames on the back of their jerseys for identification, normally in a single row across the shoulders. (Some officials with long names would have their name in two rows, the most notable example being Andy Van Hellemond.) Starting in 1994, however, NHL officials returned to wearing numbers on their shirts, a procedure adopted by other leagues.

Referee

A referee is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with this job may be known, in addition to referee, by a variety of other titles as well (often depending on the sport), including umpire, judge, arbiter, arbitrator, linesman, commissaire, timekeeper, touch judge or Technical Official (by the International Olympic Committee).

Origin

The term referee originated in association football. Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association if one or both assistant referees are not provided. In this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to indicating out of play and cannot decide off side.

Official (American football)

In American football, an official is a person who has responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game.

During professional and most college football games, seven officials operate on the field. Beginning in 2015, Division I college football conferences are using eight game officials. College games outside the Division I level use six or seven officials. Arena football, high school football, and other levels of football have other officiating systems. High school football played under the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) rules typically use five officials for varsity and 3, 4, or 5 for non-varsity games.

Football officials are commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as referees, but each position has specific duties and a specific name: referee, umpire, head linesman, line judge, back judge, side judge, center judge (in Division I college football) and field judge. Because the referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game, the position is sometimes referred to as head referee or crew chief.

Promise (Romeo Santos song)

"Promise" is a Latin pop song by Romeo Santos featuring Usher, from Santos' debut album Formula, Vol. 1 (2011). The track was co-written and produced by Rico Love. It was released as the album's second single in Latin America and the United States.

The song combines elements of bachata and R&B and peaked atop the Billboard's Latin Songs chart, becoming the second consecutive number-one song in the chart for Santos and the first for Usher. The music video for "Promise" was directed by Anthony Mandler, who previously worked with Rihanna, Jay-Z and Kanye West.

Background

After the temporary separation of the band Aventura, Romeo Santos signed a record deal with Sony Music Entertainment and recorded his debut solo album, Formula, Vol. 1, which includes most of the tracks in bachata rhythm and bilingual songs such as the lead single "You", which peaked at number-one in the Billboard Latin Songs, and "Promise", with vocals by American singer-songwriter Usher. The collaboration came through because Santos' manager Johnny Marines introduced Usher to Santos. Usher was impressed by Santos ability to perform after seeing him on YouTube, saying: "This is the thing that people will remember." "Promise" was co-written and produced by Rico Love and features Usher singing on bachata rhythm for the first time. According to Carlos Quintana of About.com the song and the rest of the tracks included on Formula, Vol. 1 may be classified as Latin urban contemporary with R&B and Hip-Hop influences. The track was named "fluttering" by Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly on his review of the parent album.

Promise (Luna Sea song)

"Promise" is a song by Japanese rock band Luna Sea, released on April 9, 2011 as a digital download available exclusively on Amazon websites; Japan, United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany. It is the band's first release of completely new material since "Love Song", which was over ten years ago.

Overview

"Promise" was originally composed by Inoran and was first played by Luna Sea at the World Memorial Hall on December 30, 2010 as part of their 20th Anniversary World Tour Reboot -to the New Moon- reunion tour. At the time it was reported to be titled "Promised Night".

Originally there were no plans to release the song, however after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami the band decided the best way they could help contribute to the recovery was to "generate support through music because music is the reason of our presence and our lifetime mission.", and donated all proceeds to the Japanese Red Cross and American Red Cross for earthquake relief and recovery.

Promise (Ciara song)

"Promise" is a song performed by American recording artist Ciara from her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution (2006). It was written by Ciara, Jasper Cameron, Polow da Don and Elvis Williams and produced by Polow da Don. The remix features singer R. Kelly. The song was released as the album's official lead single on October 16, 2006, through LaFace Records. The song was selected as the first single as Ciara wanted to put out a single with a slower pace, noting that her previous releases had been up-tempo. According to Ciara, the song represents the album's theme of evolving and symbolizes her growth as a songwriter and artist.

"Promise" is a mid-tempo R&B ballad with lyrics that describe what the protagonist wants out of love. The song received generally positive reviews from critics, who made comparisons with songs by musician Prince. Critics also observed that it was different and refreshing from Ciara's previous singles. "Promise" topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the United States and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Ciara's best-performing single sans a featured artist on both charts. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping over one million copies.