ORP Sokół

One ship and three submarines of the Polish Navy have been named ORP Sokół (Polish: "Falcon"):

Sokół, a tugboat launched in 1920 and disposed of in 1957.

ORP Sokół (1940), a British U-class submarine launched in 1940 and leased to Poland the same year. She served during World War II and was returned to Britain in 1945 as HMS Urchin. She was scrapped in 1949.

ORP Sokół (1964), a Whiskey-class submarine purchased from the Soviet Union

ORP Sokół (Kobben class), a Kobben-class submarine, formerly the Norwegian Stord. She was transferred to Poland in 2002 and is currently serving.

ORP Sokół (1940)

ORP Sokół (Polish: Falcon) was a U-class submarine (formerly HMS Urchin) built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness. Shortly after launching in September 1940 she was to be commissioned by the Royal Navy as HMS Urchin, but instead was leased to the Polish Navy due to a lack of experienced submarine crews. A sister boat to Dzik, both boats operated in the Mediterranean from Malta, where they became known as the "Terrible Twins".

Polish service

Shortly after her trials, the boat was handed to her Polish crew, in accordance with the Polish-British Military Alliance and amendments of 18 November 1939 and 3 December 1940. On 19 January 1941 the Polish banner was raised and the boat, commanded by Commander Borys Karnicki, was moved to Portsmouth. There she spent half a year patrolling the Bay of Biscay off the French port of Brest. In September she was moved to Malta, where she was attached to the 10th Submarine Flotilla. She took part in the naval runs on the Italian ports of Taranto and Naples. She also escorted numerous convoys in the Mediterranean. On 28 October of that year, Sokół achieved her first victory by heavily damaging the Italian auxiliary cruiser Città di Palermo. On 2 November in the Gulf of Naples she sank the 2,469-ton transport ship Balilla, with her sister HMS Utmost. On 19 November of the same year, she forced the anti-submarine nets and entered the port of Navarino, where she damaged the Italian destroyer Aviere. She was attacked by Italian torpedo boats and destroyers, but all of the depth charges missed and Sokół managed to escape from the harbour, sinking an additional transport steamer (5,600 tons) with three torpedoes. On 12 February 1942 she boarded and then sank the Italian wooden merchant schooner Giuseppina (362 tons) in the Gulf of Gabes.

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ORP Sokół (Kobben class)

ORP Sokół, formerly HNoMS Stord, is one of four Kobben-class submarines of the Polish Navy. The vessel was built by Rheinstahl Nordseewerke GmbH in Emden, Germany (known there as the Type 207) for the Royal Norwegian Navy as HNoMS Stord. The vessel served with the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1967 until it was given to Poland in 2002. Sokół was modified in Gdańsk after the handover.

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location on Google Map

Orpí

Orpí is a municipality in the comarca of the Anoia in Catalonia, Spain.

References

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ORP

ORP may refer to:

Okręt Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, a ship prefix for the Polish Navy

Operational Ration Pack, a combat ration used by the British Armed Forces

Orpington railway station, London Borough of Bromley, England

O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis, a motorsports racing facility in Indianapolis, Indiana

Oxidation reduction potential, the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced

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Lactisole

Lactisole is a carboxylic acid salt. Like gymnemic acid, it is a sweet inhibitor or taste modifier.

Chemistry

Chemically, lactisole is the sodium salt of 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid.

Natural occurrences

This acid has been isolated from roasted Colombian Arabica Coffee beans.

Anti-sweet properties

At concentrations of 100–150 parts per million in food, lactisole largely suppresses the ability to perceive sweet tastes, both from sugar and from artificial sweeteners such as aspartame. A 12% sucrose solution was perceived like a 4% sucrose solution when lactisole was added. However, it is significantly less efficient than gymnemic acid with acesulfame potassium, sucrose, glucose and sodium saccharin. Research found also that it has no effect on the perception of bitterness, sourness and saltiness. According to a recent study, lactisole acts on a sweet taste receptor heteromer of the TAS1R3 sweet protein receptor in humans, but not on its rodent counterpart.