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Exile means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country), while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return. It can be a form of punishment and solitude.[1]
It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence.[citation needed] Although most commonly used to describe an individual situation, the term is also used for groups (especially ethnic or national groups), or for an entire government. Terms such as diaspora and refugee describe group exile, both voluntary and forced, and government in exile describes a government of a country that has been forced to relocate and argue its legitimacy from outside that country.
Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one's homeland. Self-exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person that claims it, to avoid persecution or legal matters (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular thing.
Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."
Contents |
For individuals [link]
Exiled heads of state [link]
In some cases the deposed head of state is allowed to leave into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place. Examples include:[2]
| Name | Ex-state | Term of government | Exiled to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon | France | 1804–1815 | Saint Helena |
| Nicholas II of Russia | Russia | 1894–1917 | Internal exile to Siberia |
| King Zog | Albania | 1926–1939 | United Kingdom |
| Jean-Bédel Bokassa | Central African Republic | 1966–1976 | France |
| Pol Pot | Cambodia | 1976–1979 | Internal exile (Cambodia) |
| Idi Amin | Uganda | 1971–1979 | Saudi Arabia |
| Jean-Claude Duvalier | Haiti | 1971–1986 | France |
| Ferdinand Marcos | Philippines | 1965–1986 | Hawaii |
| Alfredo Stroessner | Paraguay | 1954–1989 | Brazil |
| Alan García | Peru | 1985–1990 and 2006–2011 | France from 1992 to 2001 |
| Alberto Fujimori | Peru | 1990–2000 | Japan |
| Erich Honecker | German Democratic Republic (East Germany) |
1971–1990 | 1) USSR, 2) Chile |
| Mengistu Haile Mariam | Ethiopia | 1987–1991 | Zimbabwe |
| Mobutu Sese Seko | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1965–1997 | Morocco |
| Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Tunisia | 1987–2011 | Saudi Arabia |
Avoiding tax or legal matters [link]
A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for a lower tax jurisdiction (a "tax haven") in order to reduce his/her tax burden is termed a tax exile.
In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as litigation or criminal prosecution. An example of this was Asil Nadir, who fled to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for 17 years rather than face prosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company Polly Peck in the United Kingdom.
Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war [link]
Examples include:
-
- Iraqi academics asked to return home "from exile" to help rebuild Iraq in 2009.[3]
- Jews who fled persecution in Nazi Germany and Arab countries.[4]
- People undertaking a religious or civil liberties role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example, nuns were exiled following the Communist coup d'état of 1948 in Czechoslovakia.[5]
For groups, nations and governments [link]
Nation in exile [link]
When large groups, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or Diaspora. Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Jews, who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BCE and again following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in the year AD 70. Many Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Jewish homeland.
After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kościuszko Uprising, November Uprising and January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia), especially in France and the United States.The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000) that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations. At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Chagossian resident islanders to make way for a military base today jointly operated by the US and UK.
Since the Cuban Revolution over one million Cubans have left Cuba. Most of these self-identify as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. It is to be noted that at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles. It is to be noted that under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban Citizens.
Government in exile [link]
During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'état, a government in exile of a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is the Polish government-in-exile, a government in exile that commanded Polish armed forces operating outside Poland after German occupation during World War II. Other examples include the Free French Forces government of Charles De Gaulle of the same time, and the Central Tibetan Administration, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14th Dalai Lama.
Exile in drama, literature, and the arts [link]
In Greek tragedy [link]
To wander away from the city-state (the home) is to be exposed without the protection of government (laws), friends and family. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. Euripedes’ Medea–because of her actions (both in Iolcus and Corinth)-made herself and her family (including Jason) exiles in Corinth. She talks of her exiled state in Corinth: 'I, a desolate woman without a city... no relative at all'. Jason justifies his marriage, to a Corinth royal family member, as an attempt to better this situation: 'When I moved here from the land of Iolkos... what happier godsend could I have found than to marry the king's daughter, poor exile that I was... that I should bring up our children in a manner worthy of my house, and producing brothers to my children by you, I should place them all on level footing'.
Euripides likens all women's position to exile; in their having to leave home to serve their husbands. So Medea was doubly in exile, both in the ordinary sense, as a non-Greek foreigner, and as a woman. In the same speech, Medea talks of her status as 'a foreigner [falling] in the city['s ways]' and, on being married, 'we come to new behaviour, new customs'.
The theme of exile also appears in Euripedes The Bacchae when Dionysus sends Agave and her sisters into exile. Dionysus: 'With your sisters you shall live in exile' and later Agave laments: 'Farewell my city...show us the way Asian women, show us the way to bitter exile'.
From the Bacchae:
- Dionysus: All foreign lands now dance to his [Dionysus's] drum.
- Pentheus: That is why they are foreign and we're not.
Television [link]
Avatar: The Last Airbender: "Prince Zuko declared self-exile himself and until fight his father throne, during and final of season 3 "
Film [link]
Star Wars original trilogy: "Obi-Wan Kenobi in late and final years as exile since end of prequel trilogy."
See also [link]
- Ban
- Defection
- Deportation
- Exiles by nationality
- Ostracism - procedure under the Athenian democracy
- Penal transportation
- Petalism
- Refugee
- Right of asylum (political asylum)
- Scouts-in-Exile
Notes [link]
- ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1886). Leviathan; Or, The Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. George Routledge and Sons. p. 145. https://books.google.com/books?id=8-QtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145&dq=Exile+can+be+a+form+of+punishment.&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1.
- ^ What happens to deposed leaders? - BBC News magazine, 14 April 2011
- ^ Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23). "Iraq Appeals Anew to Exiled Academics to Return Home". Reuters via chronicle.com. https://chronicle.com/article/Iraq-Appeals-Anew-to-Exiled/47791. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ Rocker, Simon (2011-03-10). "Libyan exile plan for UK's frozen assets". The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/46415/libyan-exile-plan-uks-frozen-assets. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). "For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution". articles.latimes.com. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-20/news/mn-233_1_bila-voda. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
External links [link]
- Famous Exiles - slideshow by Life magazine
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Exiles |
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Look up exile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
https://wn.com/Exile
Last Exile
Last Exile (ラストエグザイル Rasuto Eguzairu) is a Japanese animated television series created by Gonzo. It featured a production team led by director Koichi Chigira, character designer Range Murata, and production designer Mahiro Maeda. The three had previously worked together in Blue Submarine No. 6, one of the first CG anime series. Last Exile aired on TV Tokyo between April 7, 2003 and September 29, 2003. A sequel series, Last Exile -Fam, The Silver Wing- (ラストエグザイル～銀翼のファム～ Rasuto Eguzairu Gin'yoku no Famu), aired between October 15, 2011 and March 23, 2012. A film adaptation of the series, Last Exile -Fam, The Silver Wing-: Over the Wishes, will be released on February 6, 2016.
The story is set on the fictional world of Prester, where its inhabitants use aerial vehicles known as vanships as a means of transportation. On this world which is divided in eternal conflict between the nations of Anatoray and Disith, sky couriers Claus Valca and Lavie Head must deliver a girl who holds the key to uniting the two factions. Although Prester itself is not a representation of Earth, it features technology reminiscent of nineteenth-century Europe at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Many of its designs were also inspired by Germany's technological advances during the interwar period.
Exile (producer)
Aleksander Manfredi, better known by his stage name Exile, is an American hip hop DJ, producer and occasional rapper.
Career
His first record appearances were as a member of the hip hop duo Emanon with the rapper Aloe Blacc. They released various mixtapes, beginning in 1995 with "Stretch Marx" before releasing their first album, Anon & On. After 2002, Exile went on to release one more Emanon album, The Waiting Room (2005), a solo album, Dirty Science (2006), and another collaborative effort with the rapper Blu, Below the Heavens (2007). Exile released two more solo albums, Radio in 2009 and 4TRK Mind in 2011. 2013 saw the release of his instrumental album, Zip Disks & Floppies.
Style and influences
Exile is known for "coarsely chopped beats" that give off "laid back soulful vibes". He claims his influences to be the contemporary producers J Dilla, Jon Brion and Madlib.
Discography
Studio albums
Col
In geomorphology, a col is the lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks. It may also be called a notch, a gap or a saddle, although the last-named usually has a wider meaning and may contain a mountain pass. Moreover, the term col tends to be associated more with mountain, rather than hill, ranges.
The height of a summit above its highest col (called the key col) is effectively a measure of a mountain's prominence, an important measure of the independence of its summit. Cols lie on the line of the watershed between two mountains, often on a prominent ridge or arête.
Particularly rugged and forbidding cols in the terrain are usually referred to as notches. They are generally unsuitable as mountain passes, but are occasionally crossed by mule tracks or climbers' routes.
For example, the highest col in Austria, the Obere Glocknerscharte ("Upper Glockner Col", 3,766 m above sea level (AA)), lies between the Kleinglockner (3,783 m (AA)) and Großglockner (3,798 m (AA)) mountains, giving the Kleinglockner a minimum prominence of 17 metres. The notch is about 8 metres wide and links the two peaks with a usually corniced, often only two foot wide, narrow, snow-covered ridge. The col is on the normal climbing route from the Adlersruhe to the summit of the Großglockner; it acts as the exit from the Pallavicini Couloir (Pallavicini-Rinne) (an ice gully lying at up to 55 ° to the horizontal) from the north and has never been climbed from the south. Hardly anyone has ever considered crossing the Glockner massif via this col.
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4
Neurogenic locus notch homolog 4 also known as notch 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH4 gene located on chromosome 6.
Gene
An alternative splice variant of the NOTCH4 gene has been described, but its biological significance has not been determined.
Structure
The neurogenic locus notch homolog 4 protein is a member of the Notch family. Members of this type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics. These include an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain that consists of multiple, but different, domain types.
Function
Notch protein family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells
In Drosophilia, notch interacts with its cell-bound ligands (delta and serrate), and establishes an intercellular signaling pathway that then plays a key role in development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in humans, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remain to be determined. The notch protein is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network, and then presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. The protein functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands, and may play a role in vascular, renal, and hepatic development.
Notch 1
Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Drosophila), also known as NOTCH1, is a human gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane receptor.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics including an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain consisting of multiple, different domain types. Notch family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling network is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells. In Drosophila, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signaling pathway that plays a key role in development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in human, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remain to be determined. This protein is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network, and presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. This protein functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands, and may play multiple roles during development.
