Equivalent concentration

In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality of a solution is defined as the molar concentration divided by an equivalence factor :

Unit Symbol N

The unit symbol "N" is used to denote "Eq/L" (Equivalent per liter) which is normality. Although losing favor, medical reporting of serum concentrations in "mEq/L" (=0.001 N) still occurs.

Usage

There are three common areas where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution:

In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) or hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in a solution. Here, is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more equivalents of reactive species when dissolved.

In redox reactions, the equivalence factor describes the number of electrons that an oxidizing or reducing agent can accept or donate. Here, can have a fractional (non-integer) value.

In precipitation reactions, the equivalence factor measures the number of ions which will precipitate in a given reaction. Here, is an integer value.

Etymology of chemistry

In the history of science, the etymology of the word chemistry is debatable. It is agreed that the word derives from the word alchemy, which is a European one, derived from the Arabic al-kīmīā (الكيمياء). The Arabic term is derived from the Greek χημία or χημεία. However, the ultimate origin of the root word, chem, is uncertain.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the majority theory is that al-kīmīā is derived from χημία, which is derived from the ancient Egyptian name of Egypt (khem, khame, or khmi, meaning "black earth", contrasting with the surrounding desert.) Therefore, alchemy is the "Egyptian art". However, it is also possible that al-kīmīā derived from χημεία, meaning "cast together".

Traditionally, the science of alchemy was once considered to have sprung from great Egyptian figure named by the Greeks "Hermes Trismegistus" (the "thrice-great" Hermes, celebrated as priest, king, and scholar), who is thought to have been the founder of the art. Reputed to have lived about 1900 BC, he was highly celebrated for his wisdom and skill in the operations of nature. In 1614 Isaac Casaubon demonstrated that the works attributed to Hermes – the so-called "Hermetic corpus" – were actually written pseudonymously during the first three centuries of the Common Era.

List of The New Batman Adventures episodes

Three years after the second season of Batman: The Animated Series ended production, the show was moved (as The New Batman Adventures) from Fox to The WB channel, which was airing and producing Superman: The Animated Series. These shows were merged as part of an hour-long segment called The New Batman/Superman Adventures. The WB wanted more episodes of Batman, so 24 new episodes were produced, which featured a different format and more focus on Batman's supporting cast.

In addition to the network's demands, the producers decided to make the show match the graphic style of Superman: The Animated Series, so all the characters and objects were redesigned as more "animation friendly" with fewer lines, usually referred to by the fans and creative staff as the "revamp" (or alternately, the "new look"). A similar graphic style was used in the rest of the DCAU later on.

The DVD box set of the series is labeled Batman: The Animated Series – Volume Four (from The New Batman Adventures), most likely to establish the connection with the original series.

Chemistry (TV series)

Chemistry was a comedy-drama series that debuted on Cinemax as a part of its Max After Dark lineup on August 19, 2011. It followed the affair of an attorney and a police officer, which began after the officer saved the attorney from a car wreck. The last episode aired on November 18, 2011.

Cast and characters

Normal

Normal may refer to:

People

Psychology and social sciences

Chemistry

Education and teaching

Technology

Arts and entertainment

Normal!

Normal! is a 2011 Algerian drama film written and directed by Merzak Allouache. It won the award for Best Film at the 2011 Doha Tribeca Film Festival.

Cast

References

External links

Normal (Alonzo song)

"Normal" is a song released in 2015 by Alonzo and Jul.

Charts

References