Kuruş

Kuruş (derived from the French gros, German Groschen and Hungarian Garas; Ottoman Turkish: قروش gurûş) is a Turkish currency subunit. Since 2005, one Turkish lira is equal to 100 kuruş. The kuruş was also the standard unit of currency in the Ottoman Empire until 1844, and from that date until the late 1970s was a subdivision of the former lira. It was subdivided into 40 para (پاره), each of 3 akçe. In European languages, the kuruş was often referred to as the piastre, derived from the Italian word piastra.

Coinage

The kuruş was introduced in 1688. It was initially a large, silver coin, approximately equal to the French écu, or, from other sources, to the Spanish dollar. However, during the 18th and early 19th centuries, debasement reduced the kuruş to a billon coin weighing less than 3 grams.

At the beginning of the 19th century, silver coins were in circulation for 1 akçe, 1, 5, 10 and 20 para, 1, 2 and 2½ kuruş, together with gold coins denominated in zeri mahbub and altin. As the silver coins were debased, other denominations appeared: 30 para, 1½, 3, 5 and 6 kuruş. The final coinage issued before the currency reform consisted of billon 1, 10 and 20 para, and silver 1½, 3 and 6 kuruş.

Kuru, Ida-Viru County

Kuru is a village in Iisaku Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.

Coordinates: 58°59′55″N 27°16′43″E / 58.99861°N 27.27861°E / 58.99861; 27.27861

Kuru (disease)

Kuru is an incurable degenerative neurological disorder endemic to tribal regions of Papua New Guinea. It is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, caused by a prion found in humans.

The term "kuru" derives from the Fore word "kuria/guria" ("to shake"), a reference to the body tremors that are a classic symptom of the disease; it is also known among the Fore as the "laughing sickness" due to the pathologic bursts of laughter people would display when afflicted with the disease. It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism.

Signs and symptoms

Kuru causes physiological, as well as neurological effects that ultimately lead to death. It was endemic among the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea and was confined to the Fore population and those nearby populations with whom they intermarried. It is characterized by truncal ataxia, preceded by headaches, joint pains, and shaking of the limbs. Trembling is present in almost all patients with this transmissible spongiform encephalopathy; kuru is also known as "shiver".

Agenda (charity)

Agenda is a UK-based charity which campaigns for women and girls at risk. The charity aims to highlight the needs of what it considers to be the most excluded women and girls: those who have experienced extensive violence, abuse, trauma, and inequality, including problems such as homelessness, incarceration, addiction, serious mental health issues, engagement in prostitution, and other forms of multiple disadvantage. The organisation has 53 members, a mix of charities working with women across the various issues Agenda seeks to address.

History

Agenda was brought together by a group of trusts, foundations and voluntary sector organisations building on work started with Baroness Corston’s 2007 report into women in the criminal justice system.

From 2008, a group of funders collaborated through the Corston Independent Funders Commission (CIFC) to improve the response to women in contact with the criminal justice system. Primarily focused on community alternatives to custody, the CIFC became interested in broadening its scope away from women already in the criminal justice system to look at a wider group of women and girls facing multiple disadvantage. In partnership with Clinks, CIFC carried out a consultation with organisations working with vulnerable women and girls in 2013.

Agenda (think tank)

Agenda is a think tank focused on both politics in Norway and international affairs, located in Oslo, Norway. Agenda started up activities in August 2014. The think tank is headed by Marte Gerhardsen, a former diplomat and director of DNB ASA and secretary general of Care Norway. Chairman of the Board is the lawyer Geir Lippestad.

Agenda's research focuses particularly on five topics: Labour economics, welfare, integration, climate change and energy, as well as foreign policy. Occacionally, it has also commented on party tactics aiming to establish a broader alliance at the left spectrum of Norwegian politics. The think tank has a stated ideological orientation towards the center-left. It partly seeks a position in opposition to the liberal think tank Civita, which is funded by the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. Agenda is a non-partisan and non-profit entity funded jointly by the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), and by the Norwegian CEO and philanthropist Trond Mohn.

Batak Christian Protestant Church

The Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP), which translates into the Batak Christian Protestant Church, is the largest Protestant denomination in Indonesia, with a baptized membership of 4,100,000. Its present leader is the Ephorus (or Bishop) Rev. WTP Simarmata.

History

The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the Batak highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 30s, but without any success. After Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk did intensive research on Batak language and culture in the 1840s, a new attempt was done in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized in this year. In 1864, Dr. Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen from Rhenish Missionary Society Germany, reached the Batak region and founded a village called "Huta Dame" (village of peace) in the district of Tapanuli in Tarutung, North Sumatra.

The RMG was associated with the Unierte Kirche, or union of Lutheran and Reformed churches. However, Dr. Nommensen and local leaders developed an approach that applied local custom to Christian belief.