Nick (DNA)

A nick is a discontinuity in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides of one strand typically through damage or enzyme action. Nicks allow for the much-needed release of torsion in the strand during DNA replication. Nicks are also thought to play a role in the DNA mismatch repair mechanisms that fix errors on both the leading and lagging daughter strands.

Formation of nicks

The diagram shows the effects of nicks on intersecting DNA forms. Nicking can be used to alleviate the energy created by intersecting states. By creating nicks, the DNA forms a circular shape.

Nicked DNA can be the result of DNA damage or purposeful and carefully regulated biomolecular reactions carried out in the cell. DNA can be nicked by physical shearing, over-drying or enzymes. Excessive rough handling happening in pipetting or vortexing creates the physical stress that can lead to breaks and nicks in DNA. Overdrying of DNA can also break the phosphodiester bond in DNA and result in nicks. Enzyme Nicking endonucleases can assist with this process A single-stranded break (nick) in DNA can be formed by the hydrolysis and subsequent removal of a phosphate group within the helical backbone. This leads to a different DNA conformation, where a hydrogen bond forms in place of the missing piece of the DNA backbone in order to preserve the structure.

Nick

Nick may refer to:

People, names, and nicknames

Nick Records

Nick Records (also known as Nickelodeon Records or Nick Music) is the moribund record label for the children's television channel Nickelodeon. The label featured new and emerging young musical artists, "triple threat" singers who also act and dance on the network's series, and soundtrack and compilations based on Nickelodeon TV shows. As of 2015 though, no artists are signed to the label as many of its former artists have moved on to different labels, attained further success on more high-profile labels, or left the recording industry altogether.

Artists

Former

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Nickelodeon (Poland)

Nickelodeon Poland (also simply called as Nick) is a children's channel broadcasting in Poland. The channel broadcasts 24/7. All animated and live-action shows are dubbed into Polish. On March 1, 2010, Nickelodeon Poland changed its logo.

History

Before the Polish Nickelodeon channel, Nickelodeon aired as a 12-hour block on Fantastic from 1999 to 2001. It was a feed of Nickelodeon Russia that was dubbed into Polish. The channel was taken off the air due to low ratings and availability.

Programming

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DNA²

DNA² (Japanese: D・N・A² ～何処かで失くしたあいつのアイツ～, Hepburn: Dī En Ei Tsū: Dokoka de Nakushita Aitsu no Aitsu) is a science fiction manga series written and illustrated by Masakazu Katsura. It was serialized across Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between 1993 and 1994, spanning a total of five tankōbon volumes.

DNA² was adapted into a 12-episode anime television series which ran on Nippon Television from October 7, 1994 to December 23, 1994. This was followed by a three-episode anime original video animation (OVA) in 1995. Produced by Madhouse and Studio Deen, the anime series was directed by Jun'ichi Sakata, whereas the character designer and animation director for the series was Kumiko Takahashi. DNA² has been broadcast in Japan by Animax, which has also aired the series across its respective networks worldwide, including its English-language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia. All 15 episodes were licensed in North America by Central Park Media until their closing in 2009. The five volumes and box set are out-of-print. Discotek Media has since re-licensed the series for a DVD release in 2014.

DNA2.0

DNA2.0 provides products and services for life science and Synthetic biology research. DNA2.0 also provides free access to research tools such as Gene Designer, DNA Atlas and a gRNA designer.

The company

DNA2.0 was founded in 2003, in Menlo Park, California. The company is privately held and continues to have all research, development and production in Menlo Park, California. It began and continues as a gene synthesis and protein engineering provider to academia, government and the pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural and biotechnology industries. Gene Synthesis rapidly replaced molecular cloning for many academic and corporate labs, as "foundries for the biotechnology age" allowing made-to-order genes for biological research. DNA2.0 was featured on the PBS show Nova ScienceNow to show how genes are created synthetically in a lab. In 2008, the company supplied some of the DNA stretches used to create a synthetic bacterial genome.Dan Rather Reports included DNA2.0 in their episode on Synthetic Biology and how it is solving "some of the most important problems facing the world." In 2009, The Scientist named the codon design algorithms (now tradmarked as GeneGPS) developed by DNA2.0 as one of the Top 10 Innovations of the year for Life Sciences. DNA2.0 developed the Electra Vector System, a universal cloning system that utilizes the type IIS restriction enzyme SapI and T4 DNA ligase in a single-tube reaction. DNA2.0 has made some molecular components, such as synthetic fluorescent proteins, available in open-access collections of DNA parts (BioBricks Foundation). DNA2.0 is a founding member of the International Gene Synthesis Consortium (IGSC) to promote biosecurity in the gene-synthesis industry. There are over 1,100 published scientific articles using DNA2.0 products and/or services, of which 43 include company employees as an author(s).

DNA (magazine)

DNA is an Australian monthly magazine targeted at the gay male audience. The magazine features stories, celebrity profiles, pop culture reviews, fashion tips/reviews, grooming tips and photography. The magazine is available at most newsagencies in Australia, as well as larger book stores. Launched in Australia in 2000, the magazine is now available in many countries, including Canada, the United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe.

See also

References

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