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This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (February 2012) |
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| Original author(s) | Simon Tatham, Julian Hall |
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| Developer(s) | H. Peter Anvin, et al. |
| Stable release | 2.10.01 / May 24, 2012 |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows, Unix-like, OS/2, Mac OS, DOS |
| Available in | English |
| Type | x86 assembler |
| License | 2-clause BSD |
| Website | www.nasm.us |
The Netwide Assembler (NASM) is an assembler and disassembler for the Intel x86 architecture. It can be used to write 16-bit, 32-bit (IA-32) and 64-bit (x86-64) programs. NASM is considered to be one of the most popular assemblers for Linux.[1]
NASM was originally written by Simon Tatham with assistance from Julian Hall, and is currently maintained by a small team led by H. Peter Anvin.[2] It is available as free software under the terms of the simplified (2-clause) BSD license.[3]
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Features [link]
NASM can output several binary formats including COFF, Portable Executable, a.out, ELF and Mach-O, though position-independent code is only supported for ELF object files. NASM also has its own binary format called RDOFF.[4]
The variety of output formats allows programs to be retargetted to virtually any x86 operating system. In addition, NASM can create flat binary files, usable in writing boot loaders, ROM images, and in various facets of OS development.[4] NASM can run on non-x86 platforms, such as SPARC and PowerPC, though it cannot generate programs usable by those machines.
NASM uses variation of Intel assembly syntax instead of AT&T syntax.[5] It also avoids features such as automatic generation of segment overrides (and the related ASSUME directive) used by MASM and compatible assemblers.[4]
Examples of programs for various operating systems [link]
This is a Hello world program for the DOS operating system. <source lang="asm"> section .text org 0x100 mov ah, 0x9 mov dx, hello int 0x21
mov ax, 0x4c00 int 0x21
section .data hello: db 'Hello, world!', 13, 10, '$' </source> An example of a similar program for Microsoft Windows: <source lang="asm"> global _start extern _MessageBoxA@16 extern _ExitProcess@4
section code use32 class=code _start: push dword 0 ; UINT uType = MB_OK push dword title ; LPCSTR lpCaption push dword banner ; LPCSTR lpText push dword 0 ; HWND hWnd = NULL call _MessageBoxA@16
push dword 0 ; UINT uExitCode call _ExitProcess@4
section data use32 class=data banner: db 'Hello, world!', 0 title: db 'Hello', 0 </source> An equivalent program for Linux: <source lang="asm"> section .data msg: db "Hello, world!", 10 .len: equ $ - msg
section .text global main main: mov eax, 4 ; write mov ebx, 1 ; stdout mov ecx, msg mov edx, msg.len int 0x80
mov eax, 1 ; exit mov ebx, 0 int 0x80 </source>
Linking [link]
NASM principally outputs object files, which are generally not executable in and of themselves. The only exception to this are flat binaries (e.g., .COM)[4] which are inherently limited in modern use. To translate the object files into executable programs, an appropriate linker must be used, such as the Visual Studio "LINK" utility for Windows or ld for UNIX-like systems.
Development [link]
On 28 November 2007, version 2.00 was released, adding support for x86-64 extensions.[2] The development versions are not uploaded to SourceForge.net; instead, they are checked in to the project's own Git repository with binary snapshots available from the project web page.
A search engine for NASM docs is also available.[6]
As of version 2.07, NASM is now under the Simplified (2-clause) BSD license.
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ Ram Narayan. "Linux assemblers: A comparison of GAS and NASM". https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-gas-nasm/index.html. "two of the most popular assemblers for Linux, GNU Assembler (GAS) and Netwide Assembler (NASM)"
- ^ a b "The Netwide Assembler". https://nasm.sourceforge.net/. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ^ "NASM Version History". https://www.nasm.us/doc/nasmdocc.html. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
- ^ a b c d "NASM Manual". https://alien.dowling.edu/~rohit/nasmdoc0.html. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ Randall Hyde. "NASM: The Netwide Assembler". https://webster.cs.ucr.edu/AsmTools/NASM/. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ^ "NASM Doc Search Engine". https://alien.dowling.edu/~rohit/search/srch/search.php. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Further reading [link]
- Jeff Duntemann (2000). Assembly Language Step by Step. J Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-37523-3.
External links [link]
- NASM website
- SourceForge Page
- Special edition for Win32 and BeOS.
- A comparison of GAS and NASM at IBM
- intel2gas : a converter between the source format of the NASM and GAS assemblers
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