NPO 2 (formerly Nederland 2 Dutch pronunciation: [ˌneːdərlɑnt ˈtʋeː] until 2014) is a Dutch television channel, sister channel of NPO 1 and NPO 3. It was established on 1 October 1964 at 20:00, initially with a 2.5 hours schedule until 22:30.
NPO 2 tends to broadcast arts, culture, politics, news, current affairs and religious programmes. NPO 2 simulcasts NPO 1 news with sign language.
In September 1967, colour broadcasts were introduced on NPO 2.
Until the launch of NPO 3 in 1988, NPO 2 was the mainstay of the broadcasters AVRO, TROS, VOO/Veronica and VPRO, earning it the nickname ATV. In 1995 VOO/Veronica split from the Netherlands Public Broadcasting to become a commercial channel.
On 16 September 2007 the NPO channels Nederland 1, Nederland 2 and Nederland 3 switched completely to anamorphic widescreen, before that time some of the programming was already broadcast in widescreen.
On 4 July 2009, all three channels began simulcasting in 1080i high-definition. Before the launch of the permanent HD service, a test version of the Nederland 1 HD channel was made available from 2 June 2008 until 24 August 2008 in order to broadcast Euro 2008, the 2008 Tour de France, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in HD.
NPO 3 (formerly Nederland 3 Dutch pronunciation: [ˌneːdərlɑnd ˈdri] until 2014) is the third and youngest of the terrestrial television channels operated by the Dutch public-broadcasting organization NPO in the Netherlands and carries programmes provided by member-based non-profit broadcasting associations. It is oriented towards children, youth and innovative television.
NPO 3 was established as 'Nederland 3' on 4 April 1988. The original plan was for the third Dutch public television channel to be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT (then called BRTN), which would specialize in Flemish-Dutch programming. This plan failed however, but when 2 broadcasters of the Netherlands, NPO and RNW, launched BVN as Zomer TV in 1996, and all of its programming originally came from the Netherlands (the abbreviation BVN at first standing for het Beste Van Nederland, "the best of the Netherlands"), this however changed, once the VRT began contributing both financially and with output from the schedules of the network, changing the channel from specializing in Dutch programming to specializing in Flemish-Dutch programming (which as mentioned above, the original plan was for the third Dutch public television channel to be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT, which would specialize in Flemish-Dutch programming.).
NPO 1 (formerly Nederland 1 Dutch pronunciation: [ˌneːdərlɑnt ˈeːn] until 2014) is the first national television station in the Netherlands, it launched on 2 October 1951. It provides public broadcasting and currently exists next to sister channels NPO 2 and NPO 3. A wide range of broadcasting organisations of the Publieke Omroep deliver programs. A wide variety of programs is broadcast on the channel, usually for larger audiences. In 2014, it was the most viewed channel in the Netherlands, reaching a market share of 24.2% for the evening (18:00–00:00 hours).
In the Netherlands the first television experiments took place in the 1930s. Dutch technology company Philips played an important role in these experiments. In 1951 public radio broadcasters AVRO, KRO, VARA and NCRV established the NTS, Nederlandse Televisie Stichting (Dutch Television Foundation). The very first public broadcast began from studio Irene in Bussum on 2 October 1951 at 8:15 pm. It was transmitted from Lopik, soon followed by Hilversum as well. On 5 January 1956 the NTS broadcast their first news programme, NTS Journaal. In the 1950s television attracted only a low number of viewers. The high prices of television sets were the main reason why. During the 1950s television became available nationally by the introduction of more transmitters and repeaters in Goes, Roosendaal, Loon op Zand, Mierlo, Roermond, Markelo, Ugchelen, Zwolle, Smilde and the new Gerbrandy Tower in IJsselstein.
Neptunium(IV) oxide, or neptunium dioxide, is a radioactive, olive green cubic crystalline solid with the formula NpO2. It is a common product of plutonium fission, and emits both α- and γ-particles.
Industrially, neptunium dioxide is formed from the precipitation of neptunium(IV) oxalate from a neptunium feed solution with oxalic acid, followed by calcination to neptunium dioxide. The neptunium feed solution (which includes varying oxidation states of neptunium) is reduced to a predominately neptunium(IV) solution via ascorbic acid prior to the addition of oxalic acid. A hydrazine inhibitor is initially added to the neptunium feed solution to protect the neptunium and ascorbic acid from decay.
Extrapolated and balanced from "The Production of Neptunium Dioxide" by J. A. Porter
Np4+ + Np5+ + Np6+ + HNO3 + C6H8O6 → 3 Np4+ + C6H6O6 + H2 + HNO3
Np4+ + C2O4H2 → Np(C2O4) • 6H2O + 2H−
Np(C2O4) • 6H2O + Δ → Np(C2O4)
Np(C2O4) + Δ → NpO2 + 2CO2
Neptunium dioxide can also be formed effectively from precipitation of neptunium(IV) peroxide, but the oxalate reduction has been found to be more industrially efficient.
Standing in a shadow of true love Wishing that the
other side would really be gone
Hoping for the worst that would be best for me Hoping
that the other side would never see
That I´m Fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you Im here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line
Maybe now I will be fine NOT
Waiting for the bullet to split my head Maybe then I
would be fine when buried and dead
Nothing really changes the way I feel It´s like now I
don´t have soul, but my body will stay
And I´m fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you I´m here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line
Maybe now I will be fine NOT
And I´m fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you I´m here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line