NPO 3

NPO 3 (formerly Nederland 3 Dutch pronunciation: [ˌneːdərlɑnd ˈdri] until 2014) is the third and youngest of the terrestrial television channels operated by the Dutch public-broadcasting organization NPO in the Netherlands and carries programmes provided by member-based non-profit broadcasting associations. It is oriented towards children, youth and innovative television.

History

NPO 3 was established as 'Nederland 3' on 4 April 1988. The original plan was for the third Dutch public television channel to be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT (then called BRTN), which would specialize in Flemish-Dutch programming. This plan failed however, but when 2 broadcasters of the Netherlands, NPO and RNW, launched BVN as Zomer TV in 1996, and all of its programming originally came from the Netherlands (the abbreviation BVN at first standing for het Beste Van Nederland, "the best of the Netherlands"), this however changed, once the VRT began contributing both financially and with output from the schedules of the network, changing the channel from specializing in Dutch programming to specializing in Flemish-Dutch programming (which as mentioned above, the original plan was for the third Dutch public television channel to be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT, which would specialize in Flemish-Dutch programming.).

NPO 1

NPO 1 (formerly Nederland 1 Dutch pronunciation: [ˌneːdərlɑnt ˈeːn] until 2014) is the first national television station in the Netherlands, it launched on 2 October 1951. It provides public broadcasting and currently exists next to sister channels NPO 2 and NPO 3. A wide range of broadcasting organisations of the Publieke Omroep deliver programs. A wide variety of programs is broadcast on the channel, usually for larger audiences. In 2014, it was the most viewed channel in the Netherlands, reaching a market share of 24.2% for the evening (18:00–00:00 hours).

History

Early Years, the 50s

In the Netherlands the first television experiments took place in the 1930s. Dutch technology company Philips played an important role in these experiments. In 1951 public radio broadcasters AVRO, KRO, VARA and NCRV established the NTS, Nederlandse Televisie Stichting (Dutch Television Foundation). The very first public broadcast began from studio Irene in Bussum on 2 October 1951 at 8:15 pm. It was transmitted from Lopik, soon followed by Hilversum as well. On 5 January 1956 the NTS broadcast their first news programme, NTS Journaal. In the 1950s television attracted only a low number of viewers. The high prices of television sets were the main reason why. During the 1950s television became available nationally by the introduction of more transmitters and repeaters in Goes, Roosendaal, Loon op Zand, Mierlo, Roermond, Markelo, Ugchelen, Zwolle, Smilde and the new Gerbrandy Tower in IJsselstein.

Neptunium(IV) oxide

Neptunium(IV) oxide, or neptunium dioxide, is a radioactive, olive green cubic crystalline solid with the formula NpO₂. It is a common product of plutonium fission, and emits both α- and γ-particles.

Production

Industrially, neptunium dioxide is formed from the precipitation of neptunium(IV) oxalate from a neptunium feed solution with oxalic acid, followed by calcination to neptunium dioxide. The neptunium feed solution (which includes varying oxidation states of neptunium) is reduced to a predominately neptunium(IV) solution via ascorbic acid prior to the addition of oxalic acid. A hydrazine inhibitor is initially added to the neptunium feed solution to protect the neptunium and ascorbic acid from decay.

Extrapolated and balanced from "The Production of Neptunium Dioxide" by J. A. Porter

Np⁴⁺ + Np⁵⁺ + Np⁶⁺ + HNO₃ + C₆H₈O₆ → 3 Np⁴⁺ + C₆H₆O₆ + H₂ + HNO₃

Np⁴⁺ + C₂O₄H₂ → Np(C₂O₄) • 6H₂O + 2H⁻

Np(C₂O₄) • 6H₂O + Δ → Np(C₂O₄)

Np(C₂O₄) + Δ → NpO₂ + 2CO₂

Neptunium dioxide can also be formed effectively from precipitation of neptunium(IV) peroxide, but the oxalate reduction has been found to be more industrially efficient.