Mutation

In biology, a mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired, errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.

Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.

Consonant mutation

Consonant mutation is change in a consonant in a word according to its morphological or syntactic environment.

Mutation phenomena occur in languages around the world. A prototypical example of consonant mutation is the initial consonant mutation of all modern Celtic languages. Initial consonant mutation is also found in Indonesian or Malay, in Southern Paiute and in several West African languages such as Fula. The Nilotic language Dholuo, spoken in Kenya, shows mutation of stem-final consonants, as does English to a small extent. Mutation of initial, medial, and final consonants is found in Modern Hebrew. Japanese exhibits word medial consonant mutation involving voicing, rendaku, in many compounds.

Similar sound changes

Initial consonant mutation must not be confused with sandhi, which can refer to word-initial alternations triggered by their phonological environment, unlike mutations, which are triggered by their morphosyntactic environment. Some examples of word-initial sandhi are listed below.

Mutant (fictional)

The concept of a mutant is a common trope in comic books and science fiction. The new phenotypes that appear in fictional mutations generally go far beyond what is typically seen in biological mutants and often result in the mutated life form exhibiting superhuman abilities or qualities.

Gage Comics

In The Gage Team world, mutants are humans or other known species in the universe that, due to some experiment or other accident, have superhuman capabilities. These mutants are not called mutants, however. Unnaturals are mutants with ordinary superhuman powers, such as super-strength and super-speed. Super-Unnaturals are mutants that have the ability to change their form (Invisibility is considered an Unnatural power). Mutants that have received their powers from a Crystal are called Powerlings. Ultralings are mutants that have been received their powers from two Crystals.

Marvel Comics

In Marvel Comics, genetic mutation has been used as an explanation for super-powers since the 1950s. Mutants have played a major role in Marvel comics, particularly the X-Men and related series. In the Marvel Comics universe, they are a heavily persecuted minority. The Marvel Universe redefines the term to beings who are in a higher stage of evolution known as "Homo superior" and are not yet accepted by the human race.

Demons (James Morrison song)

"Demons" is a song by English recording artist James Morrison. It was written by Morrison along with Mima Stilwell and James Elliott for his fourth studio album Higher Than Here (2015).

Charts

Weekly charts

References

External links

List of The Demonata characters

This is a list of characters found in Darren Shan's The Demonata, a series of books that follows protagonists Grubbs Grady, Dervish Grady, Kernel Fleck and Bec MacConn on their quest against Lord Loss and his demon minions.

"Grubbs" Grady

Grubitsch "Grubbs" Grady is one of the main characters in The Demonata series. He is the protagonist of Lord Loss, Slawter, Blood Beast, Demon Apocalypse, Wolf Island, and Hell's Heroes. Grubbs makes appearances in Death's Shadow and Dark Calling. In Blood Beast Grubbs is afflicted by lycanthropy.

Grady Family

Grubbs Grady's family has been cursed with lycanthropy for many generations before the start of the first book. Bartholomew Garadex, an ancestor of Grubbs', struck a deal with Lord Loss that if he could beat him at three concurrent games of chess, then Lord Loss would cure a member of the Grady family from the curse. The tournament carried on through the generations of the Garadex/Grady family.

Grady-MacGrigor Family Tree

Shannara

Shannara /ˈʃænərə/ is a series of high fantasy novels written by Terry Brooks, beginning with The Sword of Shannara in 1977 and continuing through The Darkling Child which was released in June 2015; there is also a prequel, First King of Shannara. The series blends magic and primitive technology and is set in the Four Lands, which are identified as Earth long after civilization was destroyed in a chemical and nuclear holocaust called the Great Wars. By the time of the prequel First King of Shannara, the world had reverted to a pre-industrial state and magic had re-emerged to supplement science.

Setting

The Shannara series is set in a post-apocalyptic world called the Four Lands. This world is a futuristic version of our own, and not a secondary world. The Genesis of Shannara trilogy reveals the Four Lands to be located in the modern Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada. Much of the landscape has been changed by a future holocaust called The Great Wars, but some landmarks remain. For example, the Columbia River still exists.