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| Muse မူဆယ် |
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 Muse
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| Coordinates: 23°58′45″N 97°54′17″E / 23.97917°N 97.90472°ECoordinates: 23°58′45″N 97°54′17″E / 23.97917°N 97.90472°E | |
| Country | Burma |
| Division | Shan State |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | |
| Population (2005) | |
| • Religions | Buddhism |
| Time zone | MST (UTC+6.30) |
Muse (Burmese: မူဆယ်, pronounced: [mùsʰɛ̀]) is the principal town of Muse Township also spell as Mu Se Township in northern Shan State, Myanmar. It is situated on the Shweli River, and is connected by a bridge and road to Ruili (Shweli, [ʃwèlì], in Burmese) in Yunnan Province, China.[1][2][3]
The old bridge dubbed the "Gun Bridge" by the locals on account of the frequent traffic of armaments from China to the military government of Burma was closed in 2005, replaced by a new bridge with a wider span and parallel to it.[3]
Contents |
Transport [link]
Muse is today connected to Mandalay via Lashio by the National Highway 3 450 km Asian Highway route 14 (AH14),[4] The old Burma Road links the new road to Bhamo in Kachin State which links to the Ledo Road.[5] Mandalay-Lashio-Muse Road included part of the Burma Road and was rebuilt and upgraded for heavy traffic in 1998 on a Build-Operate-Transfer basis (BOT) by the Asia World Company headed by the son of the former opium war lord Lo Hsing Han. It has cut the journey time from 2 days, even a week in the rainy season, to just 12–16 hours.[6] Muse is also connected to central Burma via the Mandalay-Lashio railway line.[7]
Economy [link]
Cross-border trade was banned by Ne Win after the military came to power in Burma in 1962 but the ban was lifted following negotiations in 1988. Bilateral trade has risen steadily since, increasing by 60% in the fiscal year ending 31 March 2008, and constitutes 24% of Burma's trade ranking China as a major trading partner second only to Thailand.[8]
Burma exports mainly raw materials such as agricultural produce, fish, timber, gems and minerals, and imports consumer goods, electronics, machinery and processed food.[8][9][10] Muse's '105th mile Trade Zone', a border zone of 150 hectares, opened in April 2006, the first and largest border trade camp of its kind in Burma, handling as much as 70% of cross border trade with China. A trade fair has been held annually every December since 2001 alternating between the two border towns each year with India, Bangladesh and Thailand as well as China taking part.[11][12]
In 2007 the local militia, under orders of the military authorities, seized 10,000 acres (40 km2) of land in the area, mainly tea and orange plantations as well as small farms, with little or no compensation, in a drive to cultivate physic nuts for biodiesel as an alternative fuel.[13][14]
On 8 May 2008, the military seized 20 truck loads of biscuits and other goods at Muse allegedly for the relief of Cyclone Nargis victims.[15]
A joint enterprise between Burma and China to construct oil and gas pipelines from the Bay of Bengal via Mandalay through Muse to Kunming in Yunnan Province starts operations in 2009.[16]
Narcotics [link]
Recently China built a 4 km long fence on the border near Ruili in order to stop drug trafficking and two more are under construction.[8]Drug addiction is a major problem in the area.[17][18] The opium poppy harvest had increased since Lo Hsing Han managed to rebuild his drug empire after becoming the intermediary for cease-fire agreements between the military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt and the Kokang and Wa insurgents who had rebelled against and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989.[19] The World Food Program carried out emergency food assistance to former poppy farmers in 2004-2005 as pressure mounted to stop cultivation of the poppy.[20]
Gambling, drugs and prostitution flourished in Ruili, but Muse's own efforts to share in the Las Vegas style business atmosphere met with much less success. The Chinese authorities cracked down on heroin entering - but not the chemical ingredients for the amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) called yaba leaving - and also on Chinese men enjoying the same pleasures on the Burmese side of the border.[citation needed] Besides the UNODC, a number of groups and organisations such as the Asian Harm Reduction Network (AHRN) and Buddhist monks are also involved in the amelioration of the HIV/AIDS problem among drug users.[21][22]
Notes [link]
- ^ "Burma Road". National Geographic Magazine, July 1995. https://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199506/msg00110.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ Mansfield, Stephen. "Myanmar's Chinese Connection". The Japan Times, May 13, 1999. https://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fv19990513a2.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ a b Fullbrook, David. "Inland China's route to prosperity". Asia Times Sep 30, 2006. https://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HI30Ae01.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ "Asian Highway in Myanmar". unescap.org. https://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/MyanmarB5.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Win Nyunt Lwin. "Historic road links wilderness and culture". Myanmar Times October 4–10 , 2004. https://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes12-236/dis10.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Toshihiro Kudo (2008). "Dictatorship, disorder and decline in Myanmar, Chapter 6 - Myanmar’s economic relations with China: who benefits and who pays?". Australian National University. https://epress.anu.edu.au/myanmar02/pdf/ch06.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Train travel in Myanmar(Burma)". seat61.com. https://www.seat61.com/Burma.htm#Mandalay%20-%20Pyin%20Oo%20Lwin. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ a b c Wai Moe. "China Builds Fence on Part of Burma’s Kachin Border". The Irrawaddy December 23, 2008. https://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=14831. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
- ^ "Myanmar to export 200,000 tons of maize grain to China next year". China View 2008-12-25. https://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-12/25/content_10559174.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Sann Oo. "Too many eels create slippery export issue". Myanmar Times July 30 - August 5, 2007. https://www.mmtimes.com/no377/b003.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Growing Sino-Myanmar trade contributes much to regional development and transport improvement Myanmar-China Trade Fair opened in Muse, Shan State (North)". New Light of Myanmar 20 December 2006. https://www.myanmargeneva.org/06nlm/n061220.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ "Sino-Myanmar border fair to promote bilateral trade". China Daily 2007-12-10. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-12/10/content_6309566.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ Khun Sam. "Militia Seizes Land in Shan State for Physic Nut Crops". The Irrawaddy June 11, 2007. https://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=7436. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ "Myanmar to produce bio-diesel from jatropha curcas". MRTV3. https://www.mrtv3.net.mm/open2/201106for.html. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Aid to Burma: only on the regime’s terms". Shan Women’s Action Network Newsletter,October 2008. https://www.shanwomen.org/pdf/2008_newsletter_english.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Eric Watkins (2008-11-20). "Myanmar awards China pipeline rights". Oil&Gas Journal. https://www.ogj.com/articles/save_screen.cfm?ARTICLE_ID=346003. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Strategic Programme Framework: Union of Myanmar 2004-2007". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/myanmar/myanmar_strategic_programme_framework.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Community-run rehab centers in the north". Shan Herald Agency for News (SHAN). https://www.shanland.org/drugs/2003/community.htm/. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Bertil Lintner. "The Golden Triangle Opium Trade: An Overview". Asia Pacific Media Services, March 2000. https://www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/gt_opium_trade.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "EMOP 10345.0: Emergency Food Assistance to Ex-Poppy Farmers in Northern Shan State, Myanmar". WFP. https://www.wfp.org/operations/current_operations/project_docs/103450.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar (FHAM)". Asian Harm Reduction Network (AHRN). https://www.ahrn.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=2118&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "HIV/AIDS education and training in Yunnan, China and the Shan State, Burma - By The Sangha Metta Project, November 2000". buddhanet.net. https://www.buddhanet.net/sangha-metta/report.html. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
External links [link]
- Muse, bridge over Shweli, and Ruili WikiMapia
- Kyegaung checkpoint, Myanmar-China border at Muse-Ruili Asterism
- Shan State map: 1 = Muse, I = Ruili Asterism
- Photo of the "Gun Bridge" over the Shweli Renaud Egreteau
- Mandalay-Lashio-Muse Union Highway MRTV3 video
- Fifth Destruction of Seized Narcotic Drugs, March 21, 2005 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 2008 Myanmar-China border trade fair (Muse) Department of Border Trade
- Htoo Trading; only company with timber export license illegal-logging.info, 17 August 2006
- Shan: Rare Tree Trade Aggravates Deforestation illegal-logging.info, 19 June 2007
- China provides more military trucks to Burma Mizzima News, 14 January 2009
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Myanmar
Myanmar (myan-MAR
i/miɑːnˈmɑːr/ mee-ahn-MAR,/miˈɛnmɑːr/ mee-EN-mar or /maɪˈænmɑːr/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship. While the military dictatorship formally ended in 2011, most of the party leaders are former military officers.
Burma (film)
Burma is a 2014 Tamil crime thriller directed by DDharani Dharan and produced by Sudharshan Vembutty under the banner Square Stone Films. It features Michael Thangadurai and Reshmi Menon in the lead roles, while Sampath Raj, Atul Kulkarni, Karthik Sabesh and Madhu Raghuram play supporting roles. The music was scored by Sudharshan M Kumar, while cinematography and editing were handled by Yuva and Vivek Harshan. The film released on 12 September 2014.
Cast
Production
World War II postal acronyms
World War II postal acronyms were first used to convey messages between servicemen and their sweethearts back home. They were usually written on the back of the envelope.
The acronyms, possibly including some more recent additions, are:
