Mu (negative)
The Japanese and Korean term mu (Japanese: 無; Korean: 무) or Chinese wú (traditional Chinese: 無; simplified Chinese: 无) meaning "not have; without" is a key word in Buddhism, especially the Chan and Zen traditions.
The word
The Chinese word wú 無 "not; nothing" was borrowed by East Asian languages, particularly the Sino-Xenic "CJKV" languages of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
Pronunciations
The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation wú 無 historically derives from (c. 7th century CE) Middle Chinese mju, (c. 3rd century CE) Late Han Chinese muɑ, and reconstructed (c. 6th century BCE) Old Chinese *ma.
Other varieties of Chinese have differing pronunciations of 無. Compare Cantonese mou4 or mou; and Min Nan IPA: [ bo˧˥ ] (Quanzhou) and [ bə˧˥ ] (Zhangzhou).
The common Chinese word wú 無 was adopted in the Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean, and Sino-Vietnamese vocabularies. The Japanese kanji 無 has on'yomi (Sino-Japanese) readings of mu or bu, and a kun'yomi (Japanese reading) of na. The Korean hanja 無 is read mu (in Revised, McCune–Reischauer, and Yale romanization systems). The Vietnamese Han Viet character 無 is pronounced vô or mô.