Mosaic (genetics)

In genetics, a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg.

Mosaicism can result from various mechanisms including chromosome non-disjunction, anaphase lag and endoreplication. Anaphase lagging appears to be the main process by which mosaicism arises in the preimplantation embryo. Mosaicism may also result from a mutation during development which is propagated to only a subset of the adult cells.

Mosaics may be contrasted with chimerism, in which two or more genotypes arise from the fusion of more than one fertilized zygote in the early stages of embryonic development.

Mosaicism has been reported to be present in as high as 70% of cleavage stage embryos and 90% of blastocyst-stage embryos derived from in vitro fertilization.

Types

Different types of mosaicism exist, such as gonadal mosaicism (restricted to the gametes) or tissue or somatic mosaicism.

Somatic mosaicism

Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.

The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits were handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.

Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still a primary principle of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance) and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of sub-fields including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domain of life, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.

Genetics (journal)

Genetics is a monthly scientific journal publishing investigations bearing on heredity, genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology. Genetics is published by the Genetics Society of America. It has a delayed open access policy, and makes articles available online without a subscription after 12 months have elapsed since first publication. Since 2010, it is published online-only.George Harrison Shull was the founding editor of Genetics in 1916. Its 2014 impact factor is 5.963.

Editors-in-Chief

References

External links

Genetic relationship (linguistics)

In linguistics, genetic relationship is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that are members of the same language family. The term genealogical relationship is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the unrelated use of the term in biological genetics. Languages that possess genetic ties with one another belong to the same linguistic grouping, known as a language family. These ties are established through use of the comparative method of linguistic analysis.

Two languages are considered to be genetically related if one is descended from the other or if both are descended from a common ancestor. For example, Italian is descended from Latin. Italian and Latin are therefore said to be genetically related. Spanish is also descended from Latin. Therefore, Spanish and Italian are genetically related. In a similar way, Swedish and Norwegian are genetically related through the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Mosaic

Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is a technique of decorative art or interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae; but some, especially floor mosaics, may also be made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called "pebble mosaics".

Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.

Mosaic (Wang Chung album)

Mosaic is Wang Chung's fourth album and third on Geffen Records. Released in 1986, Mosaic was commercially successful due to three singles: "Everybody Have Fun Tonight" (reached a high of #2 on the Billboard Hot 100), "Let's Go!" (#9 on the Hot 100) and "Hypnotize Me" (#36 on the Hot 100). Mosaic earned a Gold rating by the RIAA, and hit #41 on the Billboard 200 album charts.

Cover art

The album cover features horizontal photographs of singer/guitarist Jack Hues and bassist Nick Feldman, with a mosaic effect applied to the pictures. The resulting graphic is a literal representation of the album's title. An alternate version shows Jack on the front cover with the track listing of side one, while the reverse is upside down and shows Nick with the track listing of side two.

Track listing

All songs produced and arranged by Wang Chung and Peter Wolf; all songs written by Wang Chung, unless noted otherwise.

CD

Cassette/LP

Side One

Side Two

Chart performance

Mosaic: A Celebration of Blue Note Records

Mosaic: A Celebration of Blue Note Records is the 2009 debut album by The Blue Note 7.

Overview

The Blue Note 7 was formed in 2008 in honor of the 70th anniversary of Blue Note Records. The group consists of Peter Bernstein (guitar), Bill Charlap (piano), Ravi Coltrane (tenor saxophone), Lewis Nash (drums), Nicholas Payton (trumpet), Peter Washington (bass), and Steve Wilson (alto saxophone, flute).

The group recorded Mosaic in 2008, which was released in 2009 on Blue Note Records/EMI, and they toured the United States in promotion of the album from January until April 2009. On this album the group plays the music of Blue Note Records, with arrangements by members of the band and Renee Rosnes.

Track listing