Monde

A monde, meaning "world" in French, is an orb located near the top of a crown. Representing, as the name suggest, the world that the king rules. The only thing that can traditionally be placed above the monde is the Christian cross representing God.

It is the point at which a crown's half arches meet. It is usually topped off either with a national or religious symbol, for example a cross in Christian countries.

See also

Henri Barbusse

Henri Barbusse (French pronunciation: ​[ɑ̃ʁi baʁbys]; May 17, 1873 – August 30, 1935) was a French novelist and a member of the French Communist Party. He was a lifelong friend of Albert Einstein.

Life

The son of a French father and an English mother, Barbusse was born in Asnières-sur-Seine, France in 1873. Although he grew up in a small town, he left for Paris in 1889, at age 16. In 1914, at age 41, he enlisted in the French Army and served against Germany in World War I. Invalided out of the army three times, Barbusse would serve in the war for 17 months, until the end of 1915, when he was permanently moved into a clerical position due to pulmonary damage, exhaustion, and dysentery.

Barbusse first came to fame with the publication of his novel Le Feu (translated by William Fitzwater Wray as Under Fire) in 1916, which was based on his experiences during World War I. By this time, Barbusse had become a pacifist, and his writing demonstrated his growing hatred of militarism. Le Feu drew criticism at the time for its harsh naturalism, but won the Prix Goncourt.

Monde (review)

Monde was a weekly French international communist magazine. The magazine featured articles about international culture and politics. It was published in Paris, France, from 1928 until 1935, the year of the death of its founder, the writer Henri Barbusse.

History and profile

The first issue of Monde appeared on 9 June 1928. The magazine was started as an alternative to mainstream communist publications in France. Henri Barbusse was the founder of the magazine which was published on a weekly basis. He also served as the director of the magazine. Augustin Habaru was the first editor-in-chief. The magazine had its headquarters in Paris.

Monde had an editorial board of which the members were elected by the stakeholders of the Societe Anonyme Monde. The magazine published some articles by George Orwell while he was living in Paris including his first article as a professional writer, "La Censure en Angleterre", which appeared on 6 October 1928.

References