GNA

GNA, gna or similar may refer to:

Glycol nucleic acid

Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its "backbone". GNA is not known to occur naturally; they are synthesized chemically.

The 2,3-dihydroxypropylnucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. (1971). Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate-linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution (Seita et al. 1972). The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. (1995, 1999) and Acevedo and Andrews (1996). The GNA-GNA self-pairing described by Zhang and Meggers is however novel, and the specificity of interaction well-demonstrated.

DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA's backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bonds. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson-Crick base pairing. The Watson-Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, so making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA.

Gná and Hófvarpnir

In Norse mythology, Gná is a goddess who runs errands in other worlds for the goddess Frigg and rides the flying, sea-treading horse Hófvarpnir (Old Norse "he who throws his hoofs about", "hoof-thrower" or "hoof kicker"). Gná and Hófvarpnir are attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Scholarly theories have been proposed about Gná as a "goddess of fullness" and as potentially cognate to Fama from Roman mythology. Hófvarpnir and the eight-legged steed Sleipnir have been cited examples of transcendent horses in Norse mythology.

Attestations

In chapter 35 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of High provides brief descriptions of 16 ásynjur. High lists Gná thirteenth, and says that Frigg sends her off to different worlds to run errands. High adds that Gná rides the horse Hófvarpnir, and that this horse has the ability to ride through the air and atop the sea. High continues that "once some Vanir saw her path as she rode through the air" and that an unnamed one of these Vanir says, in verse:

Memory

In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.

From an information processing perspective there are three main stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:

Memory (disambiguation)

Memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information.

Memory or Memories may also refer to:

Music

Albums

Songs

Unforgettable Favorites

Unforgettable Favorites (also known as Memories) was a satellite driven format distributed by ABC Radio Networks (through The Walt Disney Company). Unforgettable Favorites was a middle-of-the-road station and featured music from The Carpenters, Neil Diamond, Carly Simon, James Taylor, The Bee Gees, The Beatles, Linda Ronstadt, The Beach Boys and many others.

History

ABC Radio launched this format in late 1998 known as "Memories"; its slogan and second branding was "Unforgettable Favorites". Many American radio stations began using this feed, including ABC owned & operated KMEO (now KTCK-FM) in Flower Mound, Texas. 2003 through 2005 proved to be a decline of "Memories" as some stations switched formats.

In the Summer of 2006, "Unforgettable Favorites" was discontinued and then merged into the adult standards format "Timeless Classics" and used the new branding "Timeless Favorites" up until a year later when it rebranded itself as simply "Timeless"--about the same time Citadel Broadcasting took control of ABC Radio (Citadel Media since April 2009). "Timeless" ended February 15, 2010.