Melancholia

Black bile (Greek: µέλαινα χολή, melaina chole), also lugubriousness, from the Latin lugere, to mourn; moroseness, from the Latin morosus, self-willed, fastidious habit; wistfulness, from old English wist: intent, or saturnine, was a concept in ancient and pre-modern medicine. Melancholy was one of the four temperaments matching the four humours. In the 19th century, "melancholia" could be physical as well as mental, and melancholic conditions were classified as such by their common cause rather than by their properties.

History

The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief of the four humours: disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or other of the four basic bodily liquids, or humours. Personality types were similarly determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. According to Hippocrates and subsequent tradition, melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile, hence the name, which means "black bile", from Ancient Greek μέλας (melas), "dark, black", and χολή (kholé), "bile"; a person whose constitution tended to have a preponderance of black bile had a melancholic disposition. In the complex elaboration of humorist theory, it was associated with the earth from the Four Elements, the season of autumn, the spleen as the originating organ and cold and dry as related qualities. In astrology it showed the influence of Saturn, hence the related adjective saturnine.

Melancholia (disambiguation)

Melancholia was one of the four temperaments in proto-psychology and pre-modern medicine, representing a state of low mood.

Melancholia may also refer to

See also

Melancholia (2008 film)

Melancholia is a 2008 Philippine film directed by Lav Diaz. It won the Horizons prize at the 65th Venice International Film Festival.

Cast

Reception

Ronnie Scheib of Variety called the film "Lav Diaz's latest madly uncommercial 7½ -hour magnum opus", and particularly complimented the "extraordinary final chapter". Scheib summarised: "Simultaneously lamenting the futility of change yet celebrating reinvention, the improbable Melancholia lingers on the brain."

References

External links

Ania

Ania may refer to:

Tainia

Tainia is a genus of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Queensland.

Species

Species currently accepted as of May 2014:

Ania (singer)

Ania ([ˈaɲa]), sometimes referred to as Ania Dąbrowska ([ˈaɲa dɔmˈbrɔvska]; born January 7, 1981) is a Polish singer, songwriter, and composer performing pop music.

Ania rose to stardom in 2004 with the release of Samotność po zmierzchu which was met with positive critical and commercial reception. The second album, Kilka historii na ten sam temat, was her first to fully incorporate retro style. Ania went on to explore the 1960s aesthetics on two more albums as well as in her visuals and personal image. She is one of the most nominated artists to Fryderyk, the most important music award in Poland, and has been awarded eight times. Ania has released five studio albums, with four of them reaching number one position in Polish albums chart and four going Platinum. As of 2011, the singer has sold more than 200,000 albums in Poland.

Biography

Dąbrowska was born in Chełm, Poland, and started her musical education as a teenager. When in high school, Ania also attended music school where she learned to play contrabass and participated in numerous vocal competitions. She later studied in Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities. Dąbrowska first appeared publicly in 2002, as a participant of the vocal talent show Idol which was the first Polish edition of Pop Idol. She managed to reach the final top 10, but was eliminated while in eighth place. In the same year, she collaborated with Polish singer Krzysztof Krawczyk on his hit album ...bo marzę i śnię. In 2003, Ania released her first solo single, "I See", which was a very modest success.