MDC-2
In cryptography, MDC-2 (Modification Detection Code 2, sometimes called Meyer-Schilling) is a cryptographic hash function. MDC-2 is a hash function based on a block cipher with a proof of security in the ideal-cipher model. The length of the output hash depends on the underlying block cipher used.
Algorithm
For a given message 
to hash and a given block cipher encryption function 
, the MDC-2 algorithm proceeds as follows. Let 
be the block length, 
two different constants of size . If 
where each 
has size , then the hash 
of the message is given by:
to 
:
MDC-2DES hashes
When MDC-2 uses the DES block cipher, the 128-bit (16-byte) MDC-2 hashes are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MDC-2 hash:
Even a small change in the message will (with probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to c:
The hash of the zero-length string is:
Patent issues
MDC-2 was covered by U.S. Patent 4,908,861, issued on March 13, 1990 but filed by IBM on August 28, 1987.
For this reason, support for MDC-2 has been disabled in OpenSSL on most Linux distributions and is not implemented by many other cryptographic libraries.
One-way compression function
In cryptography, a one-way compression function is a function that transforms two fixed-length inputs into a fixed-length output. The transformation is "one-way", meaning that it is difficult given a particular output to compute inputs which compress to that output. One-way compression functions are not related to data compression, which by definition can be inverted exactly (lossless compression) or approximately (lossy compression) to the original data.
One-way compression functions are for instance used in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions.
One-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers. Some methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel (single-block-length compression functions) and MDC-2/Meyer–Schilling, MDC-4, Hirose (double-block-length compression functions). These methods are described in detail further down. (MDC-2 is also the name of a hash function patented by IBM.)
Riot
A riot (/ˈraɪət/) is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property or people. Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of property, public or private. The property targeted varies depending on the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.
Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, governmental oppression, taxation or conscription, conflicts between ethnic groups, (race riot) or religions (sectarian violence, pogrom), the outcome of a sporting event (football hooliganism) or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances.
While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots typically consist of disorganized groups that are frequently "chaotic and exhibit herd behavior." However, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that riots are not irrational, herd-like behavior, but actually follow inverted social norms.
Riot (disambiguation)
A riot is a form of civil disorder.
Riot may also refer to:
Film and television
Music
Ola (album)
Ola is the third album released by Swedish pop singer Ola.
The self-titled album Ola was released in Sweden in September 2010, and debuted at #3 in the official Swedish album chart. It is the first release on Ola's own label Oliniho Records, after buying himself out of his deal with Universal Music. It spawned three hit singles, "Unstoppable", "Overdrive" and "All Over The World", which was Ola's first international single release. The similarity between "All Over The World" and "Somebody To Love" by Justin Bieber is often noted, but believed to be coincidence, as the two were released at the same time.
The album also contained a track, "Let It Hit You", composed by Ola with regular collaborator Alexander Kronlund and British artist Labrinth.
Track listing
Strømer
Strømer (English: Cop) is a 1976 Danish crime drama film directed by Anders Refn.
Cast
Cop (album)
Cop is the second studio album by American post-punk band Swans. It was released in 1984, through record label K.422.
Background
On Cop, Swans took the style of their previous LP, 1983's Filth, and intensified it, utilising slower tempos, more tape loops and even more abrasive musical textures. The lyrics are again concerned with ambiguous themes like physical, often sexual domination and/or submission. According to Jarboe, who first met the band shortly after this album was recorded, the photograph on the cover is the profile of a morbidly obese woman.
Cop was remastered by Michael Gira in 1992 for release on CD along with the Young God EP as bonus tracks. The 1999 double disc re-issue Cop/Young God / Greed/Holy Money combines Cop and Young God with the compilation Greed / Holy Money (itself compiled from the albums Greed and Holy Money.) The packaging for all issues states that the recording is "designed to be played at maximum volume".
Track listing
All lyrics written by Michael Gira, all music composed by Swans.
Podcasts:
