Fitness (biology)

Fitness (often denoted $w$ in population genetics models) is a central idea in evolutionary and sexual selection theories. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes individual reproductive success and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype. The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness. Where fitness is affected by differences between various alleles of a given gene, the relative frequency of those alleles will change across generations by natural selection and alleles with greater positive effect on individual fitness will become more common over time; this process is known as natural selection. Fitness does not include a measure of survival or life-span; the well known phrase Survival of the fittest should be interpreted as: "Survival of the form (phenotypic or genotypic) that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations."

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Fitness (cereal)

Fitness, also known as Fitnesse or Nestlé Fitness; is a brand of breakfast cereals and cereal/ granola bars produced by Nestlé and Cereal Partners.

References

Matrix

Matrix may refer to:

Mathematics and science

Matrix (biology), the material or tissue between cells in which more specialized structures are embedded

Matrix (chemical analysis), the non-analyte components of a sample

Matrix (geology), the fine-grained material in which larger objects are embedded

Matrix (mathematics), a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions

Business and government

Matrix Business Technologies, a telecommunications firm

Matrix Chambers, a barristers' set

Matrix Games, an American video game publisher founded 1999

Matrix Partners, a private equity investment firm

Matrix Software, a Japanese video game developer founded 1994

Matrix Fitness, a fitness equipment subsidiary of Johnson Health Tech

MATRIX: Northern Ireland Science Industry Panel, a Northern Irish government advisory board

Literature

Matrix (novel), a 1998 Doctor Who novel by Robert Perry and Mike Tucker

Matrix (comics), a DC Comics character

Matrix (Neuromancer), a virtual-reality dataspace in the science-fiction novel Neuromancer and subsequent roleplaying game Shadowrun

The Matrix (franchise)

The Matrix is a science fiction action media franchise created by The Wachowski Brothers and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The series began with the feature film The Matrix (1999), and continued with two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and The Matrix Revolutions (2003). The characters and settings of the films are further explored in other media set in the same fictional universe, including animation, comics, and video games.

The series features a cyberpunk story incorporating references to numerous philosophical and religious ideas where the heroes fight a desperate war against machine overlords who have enslaved Humanity in an extremely sophisticated virtual reality gestalt. Other influences include mythology, anime, and Hong Kong action films (particularly "heroic bloodshed" and martial arts movies).

Two of the Matrix video games, both supervised by the Wachowskis, are a part of the official chronology. Enter the Matrix, mainly focused on Niobe and Ghost and also written by the Wachowskis, connects the story of the short animated film Final Flight of the Osiris with the events of Reloaded, while The Matrix Online is a direct sequel to Revolutions.

Production of gramophone records

For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the master disc (also called the matrix, sometimes just the master) at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc.

A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early versions of these master discs were soft wax, and later a harder lacquer was used.

The mastering process was originally something of an art as the operator had to manually allow for the changes in sound which affected how wide the space for the groove needed to be on each rotation. Sometimes the engineer would sign his work, or leave humorous or cryptic comments in the lead-out groove area, where it was normal to scratch or stamp identifying codes to distinguish each master.