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This article is about the trader and explorer. For other uses, see Marco Polo (disambiguation).
Marco Polo

Portrait of Marco Polo[Note 1]
Born c. 1254
presumably in Venice, Italy
Died January 9, 1324(1324-01-09) (aged 69)
Venice, Venetian Republic
Resting place Church of San Lorenzo
45°15′41″N 12°12′15″E / 45.2613°N 12.2043°E / 45.2613; 12.2043
Occupation Merchant, Explorer
Known for The Travels of Marco Polo
Spouse Donata Badoer
Children Fantina, Bellela, and Moretta
Parents Mother: Unknown
Father: Niccolò Polo

Marco Polo (Listeni/ˈmɑrkoʊ ˈpoʊloʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarko ˈpɔːlo]; c. 1254 – January 9, 1324)[1] was a Venetian merchant traveler[2][3] from the Venetian Republic whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, travelled through Asia and apparently met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married and had three children. He died in 1324, and was buried in San Lorenzo.

Their pioneering journey inspired Christopher Columbus[4] and others. Marco Polo's other legacies include Venice Marco Polo Airport, the Marco Polo sheep, and several books and films. He also had an influence on European cartography, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map.

Contents

Life [link]

Early life and Asian travel [link]

See also: Niccolò and Maffeo Polo

The exact time and place of Marco Polo's birth are unknown, and current theories are mostly conjectural. One possible place of birth is Venice's former contrada of San Giovanni Crisostomo, which is sometimes presented by historians as the birthplace, and it is generally accepted that Marco Polo was born in the Venetian Republic with most biographers pointing towards Venice itself as Marco Polo's home town.[5] Some biographers suggest that Polo was born in the town of Korčula (Curzola), on the island of Korčula in today's Croatia, however there is no proof to this claim.[6][7] The most quoted specific date of Polo's birth is somewhere "around 1254".[Note 2] His father Niccolò was a merchant who traded with the Middle East, becoming wealthy and achieving great prestige.[8][9] Niccolò and his brother Maffeo set off on a trading voyage, before Marco was born.[9] In 1260, Niccolò and Maffeo were residing in Constantinople when they foresaw a political change; they liquidated their assets into jewels and moved away.[8] According to The Travels of Marco Polo, they passed through much of Asia, and met with the Kublai Khan.[10] Meanwhile, Marco Polo's mother died, and he was raised by an aunt and uncle.[9] Polo was well educated, and learned merchant subjects including foreign currency, appraising, and the handling of cargo ships,[9] although he learned little or no Latin.[8]

Map of the journey

In 1269, Niccolò and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo (at seventeen years of age), his father, and his uncle set off for Asia on the series of adventures that were later documented in Marco's book. They returned to Venice in 1295, 24 years later, with many riches and treasures. They had traveled almost 15,000 miles (24,000 km).[9]

Genoese captivity and later life [link]

See also: Battle of Curzola

Upon the Polos' return to Italy, Venice was at war with Genoa.[11] Genoese admiral Lamba D'Oria overwhelmed a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Curzola near the island of Korčula, and Polo was taken prisoner.[11] He spent several months of his imprisonment dictating a detailed account of his travels to a fellow inmate, Rustichello da Pisa,[9] who incorporated tales of his own as well as other collected anecdotes and current affairs from China. The book soon spread throughout Europe in manuscript form, and became known as The Travels of Marco Polo. It depicts the Polos' journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the inner workings of the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.[12]

While Polo's book describes paper money and the burning of coal, it fails to mention the Great Wall of China, chopsticks, and footbinding, making skeptics wonder if Marco Polo had really gone to China, or wrote his book based on hearsay.[13] Yet, if the purpose of Polo's tales was to impress others with tales of his high esteem and fond regard in an advanced civilization, then the shrewd thing for Polo to do would be to omit those details that would cause his listeners to scoff at the Chinese with a sense of European superiority. Furthermore, researchers note that the Great Wall familiar to us today is a Ming structure, post-dating Marco Polo's travels by more than two centuries. The Yuan rulers whom Polo served, as well as the preceding Jin and Liao Empires controlled territories both north and south of the today's wall, and would have no reasons to maintain any fortifications that may have remained there from the earlier dynasties.[14] Other Europeans who traveled to Khanbaliq during the Yuan Dynasty, such as Giovanni de' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone, said nothing about the wall either.[14] Finally, the hearsay theory does not explain the absence of chop stick or foot binding reports. University of Tübingen researcher Hans Ulrich Vogel stated that Polo's description of paper money and salt production supported his presence in China.[15]

Polo was finally released from captivity in August 1299,[9] and returned home to Venice, where his father and uncle had purchased a large house in the central quarter named contrada San Giovanni Crisostomo. The company continued its activities and Marco soon became a wealthy merchant. Polo financed other expeditions, but never left Venice again. In 1300, he married Donata Badoer, the daughter of Vitale Badoer, a merchant.[16] They had three daughters, called Fantina, Bellela and Moreta.[17]

Death [link]

San Lorenzo di Venezia church in the sestiere of Castello of Venice, where Polo was buried. The photo was taken after the church was rebuilt.

In 1323, Polo was confined to bed, due to illness. On January 8, 1324, despite physicians' efforts to treat him, Polo was on his deathbed. To write and certify the will, his family requested Giovanni Giustiniani, a priest of San Procolo. His wife, Donata, and his three daughters were appointed by him as co-executrices. The church was entitled by law to a portion of his estate; he approved of this and ordered that a further sum be paid to the convent of San Lorenzo, the place where he wished to be buried.[1] He also set free a "Tartar slave" who may have accompanied him from Asia.[18]

He divided up the rest of his assets, including several properties, between individuals, religious institutions, and every guild and fraternity to which he belonged. He also wrote-off multiple debts including 300 lire that his sister-in-law owed him, and others for the convent of San Giovanni, San Paolo of the Order of Preachers, and a cleric named Friar Benvenuto. He ordered 220 soldi be paid to Giovanni Giustiniani for his work as a notary and his prayers.[1] The will, which was not signed by Polo, but was validated by then relevant "signum manus" rule, by which the testator only had to touch the document to make it abide to the rule of law,[19] was dated January 9, 1324. Due to the Venetian law stating that the day ends at sunset, the exact date of Marco Polo's death cannot be determined, but it was between the sunsets of January 8 and 9, 1324.[1]

Travels of Marco Polo [link]

Further information: The Travels of Marco Polo
A miniature from Il Milione.

An authoritative version of Marco Polo's book does not exist, and the early manuscripts differ significantly. The published versions of his book either rely on single scripts, blend multiple versions together or add notes to clarify, for example in the English translation by Henry Yule. Another English translation by A.C. Moule and Paul Pelliot, published in 1938, is based on the Latin manuscript which was found in the library of the Cathedral of Toledo in 1932, and is 50% longer than other versions.[20] Approximately 150 variants in various languages are known to exist, and without the availability of a printing press many errors were made during copying and translation, resulting in many discrepancies.[21] Polo related his memoirs to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. Rustichello wrote The Devisament du Monde in Langues d'Oil, a lingua franca of crusaders and western merchants in the orient.[22] The idea probably was to create a handbook for merchants, essentially a text on weights, measures and distances.[23]

Narrative [link]

A page from Il Milione, from a manuscript believed to date between 1298–1299.

The book starts with a preface about his father and uncle traveling to Bolghar where Prince Berke Khan lived. A year later, they went to Ukek[24] and continued to Bukhara. There, an envoy from Levant invited them to meet Kublai Khan, who had never met Europeans.[25] In 1266, they reached the seat of the Kublai Khan at Dadu, present day Beijing, China. Khan received the brothers with hospitality and asked them many questions regarding the European legal and political system.[26] He also inquired about the Pope and Church in Rome.[27] After the brothers answered the questions he tasked them with delivering a letter to the Pope, requesting 100 Christians acquainted with the Seven Arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy). Kublai Khan requested that an envoy bring him back oil of the lamp in Jerusalem.[28] The long sede vacante between the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268 and the election of his successor delayed the Polos in fulfilling Khan's request. They followed the suggestion of Theobald Visconti, then papal legate for the realm of Egypt, and returned to Venice in 1269 or 1270 to await the nomination of the new Pope, which allowed Marco to see his father for the first time, at the age of fifteen or sixteen.[29]

Polo wearing a Tartar outfit, age of print unknown.

In 1271, Niccolò, Maffeo and Marco Polo embarked on their voyage to fulfill Khan's request. They sailed to Acre, and then rode on camels to the Persian port of Hormuz. They wanted to sail to China, but the ships there were not seaworthy, so they continued overland until reaching Khan's summer palace in Shangdu, near present-day Zhangjiakou. Three and a half years after leaving Venice, when Marco was about 21 years old, Khan welcomed the Polos into his palace.[9] The exact date of their arrival is unknown, but scholars estimate it to be between 1271 and 1275.[Note 3] On reaching the Yuan court, the Polos presented the sacred oil from Jerusalem and the papal letters to their patron.[8]

Marco knew four languages, and the family had accumulated a great deal of knowledge and experience that was useful to Khan. It is possible that he became a government official;[9] he wrote about many imperial visits to China's southern and eastern provinces, the far south and Burma.[30]

Kublai Khan declined the Polos' requests to leave China. They became worried about returning home safely, believing that if Khan died, his enemies might turn against them because of their close involvement with the ruler. In 1292, Khan's great-nephew, then ruler of Persia, sent representatives to China in search of a potential wife, and they asked the Polos to accompany them, so they were permitted to return to Persia with the wedding party – which left that same year from Zaitun in southern China on a fleet of 14 junks. The party sailed to the port of Singapore, travelled north to Sumatra, sailed west to the Trincomalee port of Jaffna under Savakanmaindan and to Pandyan of Tamilakkam. Describing the Pandyan kingdom under Lord Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I as the richest empire in existence, Polo arrived during the reign of Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, son of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I and one of five brother kings on the continent.[31] Eventually Polo crossed the Arabian Sea to Hormuz. The two-years voyage was a perilous one – of the six hundred people (not including the crew) in the convoy only eighteen had survived (including all three Polos).[32] The Polos left the wedding party after reaching Hormuz and travelled overland to the port of Trebizond on the Black Sea, the present day Trabzon.[9]

Legacy [link]

Further exploration [link]

Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on a Latin edition of Polo's book.
The Fra Mauro map, published c. 1450 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro.
See also: Age of Discovery, Europeans in Medieval China, and Rafael Perestrello

Other lesser-known European explorers had already travelled to China, such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, but Polo's book meant that their journey was the first to be widely known. Christopher Columbus was inspired enough by Polo's description of the Far East to visit those lands for himself; a copy of the book was among his belongings, with handwritten annotations.[4] Bento de Góis, inspired by Polo's writings of a Christian kingdom in the east, travelled 4,000 miles (6,400 km) in three years across Central Asia. He never found the kingdom, but ended his travels at the Great Wall of China in 1605, proving that Cathay was what Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) called "China".[33]

Commemoration [link]

The Marco Polo sheep, a subspecies of Ovis aries, is named after the explorer,[34] who described it during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271.[Note 4] In 1851, a three-masted Clipper built in Saint John, New Brunswick also took his name; the Marco Polo was the first ship to sail around the world in under six months.[35] The airport in Venice is named Venice Marco Polo Airport,[36] and the frequent flyer program of Hong Kong flag carrier Cathay Pacific is known as the "Marco Polo Club".[37] The travels of Marco Polo are fictionalised in Brian Oswald Donn-Byrne's Messer Marco Polo and Gary Jennings' 1984 novel The Journeyer. Polo also appears as the pivotal character in Italo Calvino's novel Invisible Cities. The 1982 television miniseries, Marco Polo, directed by Giuliano Montaldo and depicting Polo's travels, won two Emmy Awards and was nominated for six more.[38] Marco Polo also appears as a Great Explorer in the 2008 strategy video game Civilization Revolution.[39]

Cartography [link]

Marco Polo's travels may have had some influence on the development of European cartography, ultimately leading to the European voyages of exploration a century later.[40] The 1453 Fra Mauro map was said by Giovanni Battista Ramusio to have been partially based on the one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo:

That fine illuminated world map on parchment, which can still be seen in a large cabinet alongside the choir of their monastery (the Camaldolese monastery of San Michele di Murano) was by one of the brothers of the monastery, who took great delight in the study of cosmography, diligently drawn and copied from a most beautiful and very old nautical map and a world map that had been brought from Cathay by the most honourable Messer Marco Polo and his father.
—Giovanni Battista Ramusio[40]

See also [link]

Portal icon Venice portal

Notes [link]

  1. ^ The exact source is unknown, but the portrait originated from a 16th century painting in the Gallery of Monsignor Badia in Rome. Inscription: Marcus Polus venetus totius orbis et Indie peregrator primus. It appears in the Nordisk familjebok Berg 1915, p. 1261
  2. ^ Many sources state this date; Britannica 2002, p. 571 states, "born in or around 1254. (This date, like nearly all the others concerning major events in his life, is conjectural.)"
  3. ^ Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, a Tibetan monk and confidant of Kublai Khan, mentions in his diaries that in 1271 a foreign friend of Kublai Khan visits — quite possibly one of the elder Polos or even Marco Polo himself, although, no name was given. If this is not the case, a more likely date for their arrival is 1275 (or 1274, according to the research of Japanese scholar Matsuo Otagi).(Britannica 2002, p. 571)
  4. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch.18 states, "Then there are sheep here as big as asses; and their tails are so large and fat, that one tail shall weigh some 30 lb. They are fine fat beasts, and afford capital mutton."

References [link]

  1. ^ a b c d Bergreen 2007, pp. 339–342
  2. ^ William Tait, Christian Isobel Johnstone (1843). Tait's Edinburgh magazine, Volume 10. Edinburgh. 
  3. ^ Hinds, Kathryn (2002). Venice and Its Merchant Empire. New York. 
  4. ^ a b Landström 1967, p. 27
  5. ^ Bergreen 2007, p. 25
  6. ^ Burgan 2002, p. 7
  7. ^ Brook 2010, p. 24
  8. ^ a b c d Britannica 2002, p. 571
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Parker 2004, pp. 648–649
  10. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch.1–9
  11. ^ a b Nicol 1992, p. 219
  12. ^ Bram 1983
  13. ^ John Grant, Corrupted Science, Facts, Figures & Fun, 2007, p. 21, ISBN 978-1-904332-73-2 
  14. ^ a b Haw, Stephen G. (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57, ISBN 0-415-34850-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=CdE6Q_2yICIC&pg=PA52 
  15. ^ "Marco Polo was not a swindler – he really did go to China". University of Tübingen (Alpha Galileo). 16 April 2012. https://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=119306&CultureCode=en. 
  16. ^ Bergreen 2007, p. 532
  17. ^ Power 2007, p. 87
  18. ^ Britannica 2002, p. 573
  19. ^ Biblioteca Marciana, the institute that holds Polo's original copy of his testament. Venezia.sbn.it
  20. ^ Bergreen 2007, pp. 367–368
  21. ^ Edwards, p. 1
  22. ^ ^ Marco Polo, Il Milione, Adelphi 2001, ISBN 88-459-1032-6, Prefazione di Bertolucci Pizzorusso Valeria, pp. X-XXI.
  23. ^ ^ Larner John, Marco Polo and the discovery of the world, Yale University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-300-07971-0 pp. 68–87.
  24. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 2
  25. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 3
  26. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 5
  27. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 6
  28. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 7
  29. ^ Yule & Cordier 1923, ch. 9
  30. ^ W. Marsden (2004), Thomas Wright, ed. (PDF), The Travels pf Marco Polo, The Venetian (1298), https://web.soas.ac.uk/burma/pdf/Polo.pdf, retrieved 2009-07-14 
  31. ^ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford University Press. 
  32. ^ Boyle, J. A. (1971). Marco Polo and his Description of the World. History Today. Vol. 21, No. 11. Historyoftoday.com
  33. ^ Winchester 2008, p. 264
  34. ^ Bergreen 2007, p. 74
  35. ^ Lubbock 2008, p. 86
  36. ^ Brennan, D. (2009-02-01), Lost in Venice, WalesOnline, https://www.walesonline.co.uk/travel/travel-news/2009/02/01/lost-in-venice-91466-22826493/, retrieved 2009-07-15 [dead link]
  37. ^ Cathay Pacific Airways (2009), The Marco Polo Club, Cathay Pacific Airways Limited, https://www.cathayforbusiness.com/freqfly/marcopoloclub.asp, retrieved 2009-07-13 
  38. ^ Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, https://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php, retrieved 2009-07-06  (Searching for "Marco Polo", and year 1982)
  39. ^ Civilization Revolution: Great People "CivFanatics" Retrieved on 2009-09-04
  40. ^ a b Falchetta 2006, p. 592

Bibliography [link]

Further reading [link]

Television [link]

  • In the Footsteps of Marco Polo is a 2009 PBS documentary about two friends (Denis Belliveau and Francis O'Donnell), who conceived of the ultimate road trip to retrace Marco Polo's journey from Venice to China via land and sea.[3]
  • A 1982 miniseries featured Ken Marshall and Ruocheng Ying.[4]
  • The 2007 television miniseries, Marco Polo, starring Brian Dennehy as Kublai Khan, and Ian Somerhalder as Marco, portrays Marco Polo being left alone in China while his uncle and father return to Venice, to be reunited with him many years later.[5]
  1. ^ "The Travels of Marco Polo – Volume 1 by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa – Project Gutenberg". Gutenberg.org. 2004-01-01. https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10636. Retrieved 2011-04-02. 
  2. ^ "The Travels of Marco Polo – Volume 2 by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa – Project Gutenberg". Gutenberg.org. 2004-05-01. https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12410. Retrieved 2011-04-02. 
  3. ^ WLIW.org, "In the footsteps of Marco Polo", PBS 2009
  4. ^ IMDb.com, Marco Polo TV Mini-series 1982
  5. ^ IMDb.com, Marco Polo TV Mini-series 2007

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marco Polo
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Marco Polo


https://wn.com/Marco_Polo

Marco Polo (1961 film)

Marco Polo (also known as L'avventura di un italiano in Cina) is a 1961 Italian-French historical adventure film directed by Piero Pierotti and Hugo Fregonese.

Cast

  • Rory Calhoun as Marco Polo
  • Yoko Tani as Princess Amurroy
  • Camillo Pilotto as Grand Khan
  • Pierre Cressoy as Cuday
  • Michael Chow as Ciu-Lin
  • Tiny Yong as Tai-Au (credited as Thien-Huong)
  • Franco Ressel

    • References

    External links

  • Marco Polo at the Internet Movie Database


    • Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Marco_Polo_(1961_film)

    Marco Polo (Doctor Who)

    Marco Polo is the completely missing fourth serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in seven weekly parts from 22 February to 4 April 1964. The story is set in China, in the year 1289, with the regular series characters interacting with Venetian merchant-explorer Marco Polo and Mongolian Emperor Kublai Khan. The historical period and context avoids science fiction elements beyond establishing the way by which the Doctor and his companions have travelled to the past. Although audio recordings and still photographs of the story exist, no footage of this serial is known to have survived.

    Plot

    The TARDIS crew lands in the Himalayas of Cathay in 1289, their ship badly damaged, and are picked up by Marco Polo's caravan on its way along the fabled Silk Road to see the Emperor Kublai Khan. The story concerns the Doctor and his companions' attempts to thwart the machinations of Tegana, who attempts to sabotage the caravan along its travels through the Pamir Plateau and across the treacherous Gobi Desert, and ultimately to assassinate Kublai Khan in Peking, at the height of his imperial power. The Doctor and his companions also attempt to regain the TARDIS, which Marco Polo has taken to give to Kublai Khan in effort to regain the Emperor's good graces. Susan gets the key from Ping-Cho but is captured by Tegana before they can depart. They are finally able to thwart Tegana, who kills himself, and, in doing so, regain the Emperor's respect for Marco Polo, who allows them to depart.

    Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Marco_Polo_(Doctor_Who)

    Marco Polo (ship)

    Marco Polo was a 3-masted wooden clipper ship, launched in 1851 at Saint John, New Brunswick. It was named after Venetian explorer Marco Polo.

    Lumber trade

    In summer of 1852, Marco Polo sailed from Saint John to Liverpool, England with a cargo of timber, making the crossing in 15.3 days.

    Emigrant ship

    In 1852, the ship was purchased by the Black Ball Line and converted for passenger service between England and Australia. That year Marco Polo sailed from Liverpool to Port Phillip, Australia in 76 days. After spending 3 weeks in port, it returned to Liverpool in another 76 days. The total trip time was 5 months 21 days, making this the first recorded round trip in less than 6 months.

    It has been asserted, “One in every twenty Australians can trace his or her roots to the Marco Polo.”

    Collision and rescue

    "1861 March 7, collided with an iceberg north of Cape Horn and arrived in Valparaiso leaking badly on May 2. After repairs it continued to Liverpool on May 22 where it arrived 183 days out from Melbourne."

    Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Marco_Polo_(ship)

    Marco Polo (TV series)

    Marco Polo is an American drama series inspired by Marco Polo's early years in the court of Kublai Khan, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing). The show premiered on Netflix on December 12, 2014. The series was written and created by John Fusco and stars Lorenzo Richelmy in the title role with Benedict Wong as Kublai Khan. The series is produced by The Weinstein Company. On January 7, 2015, Marco Polo was renewed by Netflix for a 10-episode second season.

    Cast and characters

    Main cast

  • Lorenzo Richelmy as Marco Polo.
  • Benedict Wong as Kublai Khan.
  • Joan Chen as Chabi, empress of the Yuan Dynasty, the Khan's chief wife.
  • Rick Yune as Kaidu, the Khan's cousin, leader of the Chagatai Khanate.
  • Amr Waked as Yusuf, the Khan's Vice Regent or chancellor.
  • Remy Hii as Prince Jingim, the Khan's lawful son and heir.
  • Zhu Zhu as Kokachin, the "Blue Princess" of the Mongol Bayaut tribe.
  • Tom Wu as Hundred Eyes, a Taoist monk bound to serve the Khan.
    • Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Marco_Polo_(TV_series)

    Naxos Records

    Naxos Records is a record label specializing in classical music. Through a number of imprints, Naxos also releases genres including Chinese music, jazz, world music, and early rock & roll. The company was founded in 1987 by Klaus Heymann, a German-born resident of Hong Kong.

    Naxos is the largest independent classical label in the world and one of the two largest-selling classical labels. It is also one of the largest distributors of independent classical record labels in the world. Since 2009 the company has distributed blu-ray discs, streaming web radio and podcasts. The company allows members of subscribing Public Libraries and Music Schools such as Hong Kong Public Libraries, Auckland Libraries, and Wellington City Libraries free streaming of Naxos classical and jazz collections.

    History

    The company originally was known for its budget pricing of discs, with simpler artwork and design than most other labels. In the 1980s, Naxos primarily recorded central and eastern European symphony orchestras, often with lesser-known conductors to minimize recording costs and maintain its budget prices.

    Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Naxos_Records

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    Podcasts:

    Marco Polo

    ALBUMS

    PA 2: The Director's Cut

    Released 2013

    Newport Authority 2

    Released 2013

    The Stupendous Adventures of Marco Polo!

    Released 2010

    The eXXecution

    Released 2010

    Marco Polo Blends

    Released 2009

    Double Barrel

    Released 2009

    Port Authority

    Released 2007

    Newport Authority

    Released 2007

    Canned Goods

    Released 2005

    マルコ・ポーロ

    ALBUMS

    ジンギスカンだらけ

    Released 2008

    Marco Polo

    ALBUMS

    Newport Authority 2

    Released 2013

    Music' All

    Released 2009

    Axe Nightguide

    Released 1999

    Marco Polo

    ALBUMS

    Let There Be Snow

    Released 1998

    Love, Peace and Melody

    Released 1996

    Oporticus

    Released 1995

    A Prayer to the Music

    Released 1995

    Renaissance: The Mix Collection, Part 2

    Released 1995

    Марко Поло

    ALBUMS

    Marco Polo

    ALBUMS

    Need U Now: Remix EP

    Released 1992
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    PLAYLIST TIME:

    Marco Polo

    by: Grüvis Malt

    Woke to find some blood on the workbench
    And forgot where it came from
    Over time we get so careless with all the tools to make progress
    It's defensive silence that cracks into canyons and grows
    Oh no
    I'm glad you grew up stronger
    I'm glad we grew apart
    â'Cause now we laugh much harder and that's a start
    We're bitter in our own special ways
    We're better now with time spent off stage
    It's hard when you have to share half a brain
    The other half gets to big for the space
    If you want me to find you I'll probably go
    We can cheat for each other in Marco Polo
    When we still act like brothers it's nothing at all
    There's nothing too small
    Just don't ask for it all




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