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Manhwa (Korean pronunciation: [manɦwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons). Outside of Korea, the term usually refers specifically to South Korean comics.^[1] The term, along with manga, is a cognate of the Chinese manhua. Manhwa were inspired by classic Asian arts, especially Chinese^[2]

The first woodcut manhwa, published in 1908.

Manhwa has been influenced by the dramatic modern history of Korea, resulting in a diversity of forms and genres,^{[citation needed]} including a mainstream style same as manga. Distinctive manhwa can be found in editorial comic strips, artistically-oriented works, and webcomics serials.

Manhwa in the United States [link]

Due to the explosion of manga's popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[3] Recently, long-running webcomics serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g., Media Daum) and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular basecamp among the younger generation in Korea.

Direction of text [link]

Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because hangul is normally written and read horizontally, although it can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.

History of the term [link]

Linguistically, 漫画 (manga), 漫畫 (manhua), and 만화 (漫畫 manhwa) all mean comics in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean respectively. The word, of Japanese origin, is a compound of two kanji (Chinese characters). These type of words are called 和製漢語 (wasei kango). A parallel example is the term 電話 (telephone, denwa^?) which also originated in Japan from the kanji 電 (electricity) and 話 (speak). The term was then adopted in Chinese and Korean, similar to how "telephone" was coined in English from the Greek roots "tele" and "phonos", and then spread back into Greek and other languages. Complications arise because in these languages the terms manga/manhua/manhwa can all mean comics in general but also specifically refer to Japanese-style comics. Specifically, Korean-style manga is often called 한국 만화 (Korean Manhwa/Manga) in Korean.^{[citation needed]}

Adaptation of term [link]

The relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word "manhwa" to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking world. Instead, English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa are often marketed as "manga."

Animation and live-action adaptations [link]

Animation based on Korean comics is still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong ("Palace" or "Princess Hours") in 2006, are prominent examples as both have been counted as the best dramas of their respective years.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007, The Great Catsby, an award-winning Korean webcomic, was adapted into a live-action drama, after a run as an on-stage musical in 2006. The title was also planned to be adapted into a feature film in late 2007.^[4]

In 2006, SamBakZa produced There she is!! which is about the developing relationship of a rabbit and a cat.

Priest, a manhwa that has been translated to English, was adapted into the 2011 American horror film of the same name by Screen Gems. Released in 2011,^[5] it was produced by Michael DeLuca, directed by Scott Stewart, and stars Paul Bettany as the title character.^[6][6]

War of Money is another dramatized manhwa that has become immensely popular in South Korea, garnering much attention for its soundtrack and actors.

In 2004, Blade of the Phantom Master, a popular manhwa, was adapted into an animated film by a joint Korean-Japanese animation team.

Korean manhwa publishers [link]

• Topaz Agency Inc.
• Daewon C.I.
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

North American manhwa imprints [link]

• ADV Manga
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• UDON's Korean Manhwa
• Yen Press

See also [link]

• Korean Wave
• Korean animation
• List of manhwa
• Contemporary culture of South Korea

References [link]

• Son Sang-ik (1999) (in Korean). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9. 
• Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania : how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X. 
• Kim Jinsu (2007-06-02). "개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)" (in Korean). Chammalo. https://www.chammalo.com/sub_read.html?uid=7283&section=section3&section2=. 
• "만화" (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica. https://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=136069#T3. 
• "Manhwa" (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea. https://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284131&v=46. 
• Sim Ji-hoon. "Korea Manhwa Museum" (in Korean). INISteel Webzine. https://www.inisteel.com/news/webzine/200401/webzine_iniinfromation01.html. 
• Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8. 

External links [link]

Manhwa information [link]

• "Understanding Manhwa": history, culture, recommendations, etc.
• "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004," Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler," Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• "Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist," Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
• Manhwa site for "Demon Diary" (마왕일기)
• "Infinity Studios and Manhwa," Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity
• Cain, Geoffrey. "Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?" The Far Eastern Economic Review, November 6, 2009.

Popular manhwa artists [link]

• Hyung-tae Kim

Festivals [link]

• Bucheon Manhwa Information Center
• Bucheon International Manhwa festival
• Seoul International Comics and Animation Festival
• Dong-a/LG International festival of comics and animation

Manhwa on mobiles [link]

• Moonk Mobile Cartoon

Associations [link]

• Cartoon & Animation Society in Korea
• Seoul Cartoon
• The Korean Cartoonist Association
• Korean Women Cartoonist Association
• Amateur Comics Association
• Korea Amateur Comic Land

Information and studies [link]

• Korean Society of Cartoon & Animation Studies
• Seoul Animation Center
• Puchon Cartoon Information Center
• The Korea Society Manhwa Exhibit