Mal (caste)

The Mal are a Hindu caste found in the state of West Bengal & Jharkhand.They are also known as the Mal/Malla Kshatriya. Mal, Mall & Malla are derived from the Sanskrit word malla, meaning wrestler.

Paharia Mal or Mal Paharia is considered as Scheduled Tribe while the other Mal groups are considered as Scheduled Castes by the Government of West Bengal.

Demographics

Mal numbered 273,641 in the 2001 census and were 1.5 per cent of the total Scheduled Caste population of West Bengal. 39.6 per cent of the Mal were literate - 51.9 per cent males and 26.8 per cent females were literate.

Divisions

The Mal have four sub-divisions, the Raja Mal or Rajbansi Mal, the Chhatradhari Mal or Rajchhatradhari Mal, the Sapure Mal or Bede and the Paharia Mal or Dhanguria Mal. They are said to be Dravidian tribes found in the Rajmahal hills that was Hinduized over time. The community is now found mainly in Birbhum District. Raja Mals were rulers of Bengal-Jharkhand junction area. Chatradhari Mals were supposed to be ministers of Raja Mals. Sapure Mals are mainly snake charmers. Paharia Mals generally live in hilly areas, and have their own distinct language. Raja Mals do not practice widow marriage like other orthodox Hindus.

Mal mac Rochride

Mal, son of Rochraide, a descendant of the legendary hero Conall Cernach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a king of the Ulaid and later a High King of Ireland. He took the High Kingship after he killed Tuathal Techtmar at Mag Line (Moylinny near Larne, County Antrim), and ruled for four years, at the end of which he was killed by Tuathal's son Fedlimid Rechtmar. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 100–104, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 106–110. His son was Tipraiti Tireach

References

Mal (community development block)

Mal (community development block) is an administrative division in Malbazar subdivision of Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Mal police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Malbazar.

Geography

Malbazar is located at 26°51′N 88°45′E / 26.85°N 88.75°E / 26.85; 88.75.

Mal community development block has an area of 545.99  km².

Gram panchayats

Gram panchayats of Mal block/ panchayat samiti are: Bagrakote, Chapadanga, Chengmari, Damdim, Kranti, Kumlai, Lataguri, Moulani, Odlabari, Rajadanga, Rungamuttee and Tesimla.

Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Mal CD Block had a total population of 299,556 of which 275,184 were rural and 24,172 were urban. There were 151,826 males and 147,730 females. Scheduled Castes numbered 80,400 and Scheduled Tribes numbered 103,356.

Literacy

As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Mal CD Block was 172,753, out of which 97,994 were males and 74,759 were females.

Transport

NH 31 passes through the block.

Formal language

In mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols that may be constrained by rules that are specific to it.

The alphabet of a formal language is the set of symbols, letters, or tokens from which the strings of the language may be formed; frequently it is required to be finite. The strings formed from this alphabet are called words, and the words that belong to a particular formal language are sometimes called well-formed words or well-formed formulas. A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar such as a regular grammar or context-free grammar, also called its formation rule.

The field of formal language theory studies primarily the purely syntactical aspects of such languages—that is, their internal structural patterns. Formal language theory sprang out of linguistics, as a way of understanding the syntactic regularities of natural languages. In computer science, formal languages are used among others as the basis for defining the grammar of programming languages and formalized versions of subsets of natural languages in which the words of the language represent concepts that are associated with particular meanings or semantics. In computational complexity theory, decision problems are typically defined as formal languages, and complexity classes are defined as the sets of the formal languages that can be parsed by machines with limited computational power. In logic and the foundations of mathematics, formal languages are used to represent the syntax of axiomatic systems, and mathematical formalism is the philosophy that all of mathematics can be reduced to the syntactic manipulation of formal languages in this way.

Language (journal)

Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since 1925. It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics. Its current editor-in-chief is Gregory Carlson (University of Rochester).

Under the editorship of Yale linguist Bernard Bloch, Language was the vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American structural linguistics during the second quarter of the 20th century, and was the journal in which many of the most important subsequent developments in linguistics played themselves out.

One of the most famous articles to appear in Language was the scathing 1959 review by the young Noam Chomsky of the book Verbal Behavior by the behaviorist cognitive psychologist B. F. Skinner. This article argued that Behaviorist psychology, then a dominant paradigm in linguistics (as in psychology at large), had no hope of explaining complex phenomena like language. It followed by two years another book review that is almost as famous—the glowingly positive assessment of Chomsky's own 1957 book Syntactic Structures by Robert B. Lees that put Chomsky and his generative grammar on the intellectual map as the successor to American structuralism.

Lak language

The Lak language (лакку маз, lakːu maz) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.

History

In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar wrote: "Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language, the Lak grammar, Lakku maz, the Lak language, is ready".

In 1890 a textbook was published on Lak grammar compiled by P.K. Uslar named as The Lak Language. It stated under the title "Lak alphabet": "The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak, genitive Lakral. From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu 'Lakian man,' the woman — Lakkusharssa 'Lakian woman.' Their homeland they name Lakral kIanu — 'Lak place.'"

Lak has throughout the centuries adopted a number of loanwords from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Russian. Ever since Dagestan was part of the USSR and later Russia, the largest portion of loanwords have come from Russian, especially political and technical vocabulary. There is a newspaper and broadcasting station in Lak language.