France (French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European part of France, called metropolitan France, extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. France spans 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and has a total population of 66.6 million. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. The Constitution of France establishes the state as secular and democratic, with its sovereignty derived from the people.
During the Iron Age, what is now Metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The Gauls were conquered in 51 BC by the Roman Empire, which held Gaul until 486. The Gallo-Romans faced raids and migration from the Germanic Franks, who dominated the region for hundreds of years, eventually creating the medieval Kingdom of France. France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) strengthening French state-building and paving the way for a future centralized absolute monarchy. During the Renaissance, France experienced a vast cultural development and established the beginning of a global colonial empire. The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).
France is a country in Europe.
France may also refer to:
In European elections, France was a constituency of the European Parliament. It was replaced by subdivided constituencies in 2004. The boundaries of this constituency were the same as the member state of France. Its MEPs can be found in MEPs representing the French constituencies before 2004
The Ashit (Russian: Ашит) or Aşıt (Tatar: Cyrillic Ашыт, Latin Aşıt [ʌˈʂɯt]) is a river in Tatarstan and Mari El, Russian Federation, a left-bank tributary of the Ilet River. It is 83 kilometres (52 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 1,087 square kilometres (420 sq mi).
Major tributaries are the Ura, Semit, Shashi, Urtemka, and Ilinka. The maximal mineralization 450 mg/l. The average sediment deposition at the river mouth per year is 180 millimetres (7.1 in). Drainage is regulated. The lower part of the valley is swamped.Alat, Russia, and Bolshaya Atnya are in the river valley.
2-Aminotetralin (2-AT), also known as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (THN), is a stimulant drug with a chemical structure consisting of a tetralin group combined with an amine.
2-AT is a rigid analogue of phenylisobutylamine and fully substitutes for d-amphetamine in rat discrimination tests, although at one eighth the potency. It has been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and likely induces their release as well. It is also likely to act on dopamine on account of its full substitution of d-amphetamine in rodent studies.
A number of derivatives of 2-aminotetralin exist, including:
The A419 road is a primary route between Chiseldon near Swindon at junction 15 of the M4 with the A346 road, and Whitminster in Gloucestershire, England near the M5 motorway. The A419 is managed and maintained by a private company, Road Management Group, on behalf of the UK Department for Transport.
From the M4 to Cirencester it is a dual carriageway road, which generally follows the course of the Roman road Ermin Way, but dualling work completed in the late 1990s, and the bypass of Cirencester, has taken it off-course in some places. East of Cirencester the A417 continues straight ahead as the major road and the A419 separates through Cirencester and Stroud, becoming mainly single carriageway. West of Cirencester the road loses its primary status; it crosses the M5 at junction 13 close to a Little Chef restaurant, then finishes 0.4 miles (0.64 km) further west at a roundabout with the A38.
When it was first designated in 1922, the A419 ran from Hungerford, Berkshire, to Gloucester. Before the war, the section from Cirencester to Gloucester was renumbered the A417, and the A419 was extended from Cirencester to Stroud and then on part of the route of the former A434 through Stonehouse to a junction with the A38 at Hardwicke, just south of Gloucester.