Lift (web framework)

Lift is a free and open-source web framework that is designed for the Scala programming language. It was originally created by David Pollak who was dissatisfied with certain aspects of the Ruby on Rails framework. Lift was launched as an open source project on February 26, 2007 under the Apache 2.0 license. A commercially popular web platform often cited as being developed using Lift is Foursquare.

Design goals and overview

Lift is an expressive framework for writing web applications. It draws upon concepts from peer frameworks such as Grails, Ruby on Rails, Seaside, Wicket and Django. It favors convention over configuration in the style of Ruby on Rails, although it does not prescribe the model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern. Rather, Lift is chiefly modeled upon the so-called "View First" (designer friendly) approach to web page development inspired by the Wicket framework. Lift is also designed to be a high-performance, scalable web framework by leveraging Scala actors to support more concurrent requests than is possible with a thread-per-request server.

Web framework

A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources and web APIs. Web frameworks aim to alleviate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Though they often target development of dynamic websites they are also applicable to static websites.

History

As the design of the World Wide Web was not inherently dynamic, early hypertext consisted of hand-coded HTML that was published on web servers. Any modifications to published pages needed to be performed by the pages' author. To provide a dynamic web page that reflected user inputs, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) standard was introduced for interfacing external applications with web servers. CGI could adversely affect server load, though, since each request had to start a separate process.

.web

.web is a generic top-level domain that will be awarded by ICANN to one of seven registry applicants. The .web TLD will be in the official root once ICANN awards the registry contract.

Historic information about .web

.web was operated as a prospective registry, not in the official root, by Image Online Design since 1995. It originated when Jon Postel, then running the top level of the Domain Name System basically single-handedly, proposed the addition of new top-level domains to be run by different registries. Since Internet tradition at the time emphasized "rough consensus and running code", Christopher Ambler, who ran Image Online Design, saw this as meaning that his company could get a new TLD into the root by starting up a functional registry for it. After asking and receiving permission from IANA to do so, IOD launched .web, a new unrestricted top level domain.

Since then IOD has tried to get their domain into the official root through several plans to admit new top-level domains. Several new-TLD plans in the late 1990s, including Postel's original proposal, failed to reach sufficient consensus among the increasingly contentious factions of the Internet to admit any new TLDs, including .web. When ICANN accepted applications for new TLDs in 2000 which resulted in the seven new domains added soon afterward, IOD's application was not approved; neither was it officially rejected, however, since all unapproved applications remain in play for possible future acceptance. A second round of new TLDs, however, was done entirely with new applications, and only for sponsored domains (generally intended for use by limited communities and run by nonprofit entities). The .web registry remains hopeful, however, that their application will eventually be approved. On May 10, 2007, ICANN announced the opening of public comments towards a new, third round of new gTLDs, a round in which IOD has not participated.

Web

Web or Webs may refer to:

Arachnology

Computing

Mathematics

Web (differential geometry)

In mathematics, a web permits an intrinsic characterization in terms of Riemannian geometry of the additive separation of variables in the Hamilton–Jacobi equation.

Formal definition

An orthogonal web on a Riemannian manifold (M,g) is a set of n pairwise transversal and orthogonal foliations of connected submanifolds of codimension 1 and where n denotes the dimension of M.

Note that two submanifolds of codimension 1 are orthogonal if their normal vectors are orthogonal and in a nondefinite metric orthogonality does not imply transversality.

Alternative definition

Given a smooth manifold of dimension n, an orthogonal web (also called orthogonal grid or Ricci’s grid) on a Riemannian manifold (M,g) is a set of n pairwise transversal and orthogonal foliations of connected submanifolds of dimension 1.

Remark

Since vector fields can be visualized as stream-lines of a stationary flow or as Faraday’s lines of force, a non-vanishing vector field in space generates a space-filling system of lines through each point, known to mathematicians as a congruence (i.e., a local foliation). Ricci’s vision filled Riemann’s n-dimensional manifold with n congruences orthogonal to each other, i.e., a local orthogonal grid.

Lift (Sister Hazel album)

Lift, released in 2004, is Sister Hazel's fifth studio album.

Track listing

Acoustic Versions

The band also released an EP of acoustic versions of five of the songs: "World Inside My Head," "Hold On," "Firefly," "Another Me," and "All About the Love."

Personnel

Lift (Shannon Noll album)

Lift is the second album by Australian singer-songwriter Shannon Noll. It was released by Sony BMG in Australia on 16 October 2005. Noll co-wrote eleven out of the thirteen songs in the album. The album debuted at number 1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association album chart on 23 October 2005 with a platinum certification and was eventually certified three times platinum. All four singles released from the album reached the Top 10 of the ARIA single chart, and proved to be very popular radio hits, with both "Shine" and "Now I Run" ending 2006 within the Top 10 most played songs on Australian radio.

Lift was nominated for "Best Pop Release" at the 2006 ARIA awards, the first industry voted nomination for any Australian Idol contestant. Further highlighting the longevity of Lift, the album ended 2005 as the 33rd biggest selling album in Australia and the 22nd biggest selling album in Australia of 2006.

Track listing