Physical layer
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. The implementation of this layer is often termed PHY.
The physical layer consists of the basic networking hardware transmission technologies of a network. It is a fundamental layer underlying the logical data structures of the higher level functions in a network. Due to the plethora of available hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics, this is perhaps the most complex layer in the OSI architecture.
The physical layer defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physical link connecting network nodes. The bit stream may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a hardware transmission medium. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to broadcast on, the modulation scheme to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified here.
Nico
Nico (born Christa Päffgen; 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German singer-songwriter, lyricist, composer, musician, fashion model, and actress who became famous as a Warhol superstar in the 1960s. She is known for her vocals on The Velvet Underground's debut album, The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967), and her work as a solo artist. She also had roles in several films, including Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita (1960) and Andy Warhol's Chelsea Girls (1966).
Early life
Nico was born Christa Päffgen in Cologne. When she was two years old, she moved with her mother and grandfather to the Spreewald forest outside of Berlin to escape the bombardments of Cologne. Her father Hermann, born into a dynasty of Colognian master brewers, was enlisted as a soldier during World War II and sustained head injuries that caused severe brain damage and ended his life in a psychiatric institution; according to an unproven rumor, he was variously said to have died in a concentration camp, or to have faded away as a result of shell shock.
Nico & Vinz
Nico & Vinz are an African-Norwegian group singing and songwriting duo composed of Kahouly Nicolay "Nico" Sereba from Holmlia, Oslo and Vincent "Vinz" Dery from Lambertseter, Oslo. They formed in 2009 as Envy and are based in Oslo. They changed their name to Nico & Vinz in January 2014 after the international success of "Am I Wrong".
Music career
2010–11: Formation and debut mixtape
Nico Sereba of Norwegian-Ivorian origin and Vincent Dery of Norwegian-Nigerian origin created their music as a fusion of genres as diverse as pop to reggae to soul, having been exposed by the various musical influences of their parents with whom they did recurring trips to the West Coast of Africa. The duo was launched as Envy with its main debut appearance at Emergenza Festival in 2011. They won first place at the Taubertal Open Air Festival World's "Emergenza Final" for new emerging artists. Following that success, the duo released the mixtape Dreamworks: Why Not Me under the name Envy. The materials were also made available online through WiMP.
Nico (Romanian singer)
Nicoleta Matei, known by her stage name Nico (born on 1 February 1970), is a Romanian singer, TV personality and spokesperson for Catena in Romania. In her country, she is known for having collaborated with several Romanian hip hop artists, such as Morometzii (in 1999), B.U.G. Mafia (in 2000, 2002), Cabron (in 2003, 2007, 2010), Puya, Blat Jargon, and Codu Penal. She is considered one of the best Romanian voices ever. She represented Romania along with Vlad in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Pe-o margine de lume".
Biography
1970-2000: Early life and career beginnings
Nico was born and raised in Ploiești, where she still lives. In 1990, she graduated from The Popular Art School and starting with 1996, she attended several Romanian music contests, winning many prizes. Since 1996 she is the main voice of the Toma Caragiu Theater in Ploiești, winning for 4 years in a row the award for the Best Female Vocal Performer on The National Festival of Variety Shows in Theatres in Romania. In 1998 she made her first TV appearance, together with Horia Brenciu on a show called Sarabanda, where she used to cover many of Romanian and international hits. In 1999 she made her first major participation on a national music competition, called Mamaia Music Festival, finishing 2nd on the Composing Section with the song Si Daca Viata Mea.
Podcasts:
Nicolas Sfintescu
ALBUMS
- Body Language, Volume 11 released: 2012
Body Language, Volume 11
Released 2012- HMG 2
- The Esel (Dave Aju remix)
- Dub Praise (The Revenge remix)
- Arrow and Bow (Marek Hemmann remix)
- Pampa
- Russian Dolls
- Tu veux ou tu veux pas (Nem vem que nas tem)
- A Drumstick and a Light Future
- Black Rose
- Embezzle Me (Tiefschwarz remix)
- Coming Home
- By Defection
- Feeling
- Amor do olinda
- No More Daddy (Âme remix)
- Really Love Ya
- Crazy (Nôze remix)
Nico
ALBUMS
- More Than 20 Years of His Royal Darkness released: 2008
- Mega Hardcore released: 2003
- Rise: The Story of Rave Outlaw Disco Donnie released: 2003
- Mega Hardcore released: 1999
- Thunderdome: The Best of 98 released: 1998
- Hellraiser - Ultimate Hardcore Dance Album, Volume III released: 1997
- Missile: Greatest Launches released: 1997
- Missile: Greatest Launches, Volume 1 released: 1997
- Thunderdome XIX: Cursed by Evil Sickness released: 1997
- Darkstar (Positive Outlook) released: 1996
- Extra Sensual Perception, Volume 2: The Trance Groove released: 1995
- Livewire EP released: 1995
- Adrenalin Hardcore Rush released: 1995
- Mazzo Presents Manic Monday released: 1994
- Global Technological Innovations: Soundwaves 1 released: 1994
- The Ambient Groove, Volume 3 released: 1994
- Trance Nation 2 released: 1994
- Reactivate 7: Aquasonic Trance released: 1993
- Sound Odyssey released: 1993
- Darkstar released: 1992
- Killer Techno released: 1992
- X-Static, Volume 4: Radikal Techno released: 1992
More Than 20 Years of His Royal Darkness
Released 2008- The Bom 2001
- Hard One (remix)
- Flesh Is the Fever
- Me the Master
- Deal Wit' Beats
- Put Ya Hands Up
- Hurt Nobody
- Tell the DJ
- Acieeed
- Bitches & Ho's
- Blow Your Mind
- Looped
- The Universe
- Tu Tu Tu
- Stereo Murder
- For You Marlene
- Let Your Mind
- A New Mind
- How Much Can You Take
- In the Mix
- Rattle Brain
- Back to tha 'o' School
- We Got the Juice
- Hardcore
- There's Only One Terror
- T.U.L.P.
- Like a Shot
- Thunderground
- Alleluja
- No Equality
- Jump
- Fascination
- Bonehead
- Bike's Drum
- Hard Attack
- Allright... Yeah!
- Meet Her at the Thunderdome
- The Sickest
- Screaming
- Bloodbrain
- Commonya'll (Move Ya' Bodies)
- Rock the Disc-O-Tek
Mega Hardcore
Released 2003- Shoot Me Motherfucker
- Fuck Them Up
- Savage Damage
- Eastcoast Killer
- Hard-A-Tek-No-Core
- The Evil Goes Bang
- The Ghost Machine
- The Alarm
- I'm Hardcore Now
- Psychic Disturbance (Sadness)
- Hardcore Is Inside You
- Let Us Proceed
- Starting Up Again
- Rave Nation
- V101
- Your Fucking Mind
- Symphonic Identity
- Time for Hardcore
- Bass Kick
- Little Sheep (This Is Hard)
Rise: The Story of Rave Outlaw Disco Donnie
Released 2003- We're Going To A Party
- Roll It Up
- Ntrance
- Song Of Life
- Think Jon Benet Is A Vampire
- Roaches
- Weightless
- It's All About Love
- I Feel Good
- Party People
- Dance Among The Ruins
- Reptile Brain
- Freak Frequencies
- Hawaii Scratch Training Session
- Are You There? (Size 9 Remix)
- Hip Hop Phenomenon
- Jesus Preached P.L.U.R. (Peace Love Unity Respect)
- 6 Space - Next Level
- Rise Above
Thunderdome: The Best of 98
Released 1998- Army of Hardcore
- No Worries
- Let Da Bass Boom
- It's Delicious (video mix)
- Pain
- Sweet Dreams You Bastard
- All Fucked Up
- Simbiosis
- Lost Minds
- The Tough Guys
- Killing Scum (DJ Promo Meets Shaolin mix)
- Bring the Pain
- Meet Her at the Thunderdome
- Motherf**cker
- Da Pump (Oldskool mix)
- Beat Ya Brain (Again)
- I Was Born Hardcore
- Feelings
- Tell the DJ
- I Wanna Rock You
- Real Hardcore
- Fuck Happy (It's Bullshit!)
- Thunderdome
Hellraiser - Ultimate Hardcore Dance Album, Volume III
Released 1997- See You in Hell
- Masterpiece
- Cause He's a Scumbag
- Rock on Till the Break of Dawn (live mix)
- Art Attack
- The White Line
- The Strength of Unity
- You Shall Die
- Rumble Fuckers
- I Control Your Mind
- Der Toten
- We Would Die for Hardcore
- Delusion
- Main Motherfuckers
- Face Down, Ass Up
- Suffer
- Feel the Bass
- Terrifying Sound
- Hard Like a Criminal
- It Is He Who Commands You
Thunderdome XIX: Cursed by Evil Sickness
Released 1997- Flesh Is the Fever
- Tik Tak
- Fuck Happy
- Samba De Janeiro
- Listen to Da Beat
- The Unknown
- Mayhem M.F.
- Motherf**ker
- None of Ya Left
- Dreamgirl
- Old to Da New (Prophet mix)
- Can You Thrill Me?
- Photonic Style
- Progressive Hardcore
- Throat
- Brain Pumpin'
- The Number
- The Higher Power
- Hardcore Power '97 (Waxweazle feat. MC Mouth of Madness mix)
- Megamix Thunderdome 18
Mazzo Presents Manic Monday
Released 1994- Pioneers of the Warped Groove
- Back to the Beat
- Let's Work
- House of Pax
- Energy Flash
- Mentasm
- We Are Phuture
- Whipped Kream
- Eternal
- Doin' Our Thang
- Surgery
- Uptempo
- Charly
- Rave Channel
- Fairy Dust
- Rubb It In
- Smoke My Dang Along
- Tension
- A.M.B.U.L.A.N.C.E.
- Video Crash
- Xtc
- Never Lost His Hardcore
- Musica Del Futuro
- Twin Freaks
- Set Up 707
- The Navigator
- Cyber (trance)
- The Scream
- Trac-K
- Compnded
X-Static, Volume 4: Radikal Techno
Released 1992- Get Ready for This (Orchestral mix)
- Looove (Quadromania mix)
- James Who? (instrumental mix)
- Dance Your Ass Off (original version)
- Life At The Wunderbar
- Gonna Take You Higher
- Obumbrata
- Helmut Kohl Ist Tot (Soundbite mix)
- Let the Rave Begin
- Beep Beep (Get Off Your Ass and Dance)
- Mindcontroller (Long Mind version)
- Metamorphism (Party mix)
- Apocalypse
- Kings (Krishna House mix)
Nico
ALBUMS
- Rivalry With Irony / Black Beauty released: 2010
Nico
ALBUMS
- Soulfest 2004: A Jesus Revolution released: 2004
Nico
ALBUMS
- African Pearls, Volume 1: Rumba on the River released: 2006
African Pearls, Volume 1: Rumba on the River
Released 2006- Musica Tellema
- Ambiance Kalle Catho
- Maria Valente
- Parafifi
- Kumbele Kumbele
- Alliance Mode Succes
- Miwela Miwela
- Aya La Mode
- Pesa le Tout
- Tokumisa Congo
- Si Tu Bois Beaucoup
- Independance Cha Cha
- Kelya
- Biantondi Kasanda
- Table Ronde
- Rochereau Pascal
- Le Temps Passe
- Bomonaki Yo
- K.J.
- Mama Nagi Habanero
- Permission
Nico*
ALBUMS
nico
ALBUMS
Nico
ALBUMS
- Acolyte: From Jungle to Drum & Bass released: 2002
Nico
ALBUMS
- Le Bataclan '72 released: 2014
- My Funny Valentine released: 2009
- All Tomorrow's Parties released: 2008
- All Tomorrow's Parties: Live released: 2007
- The Frozen Borderline released: 2007
- Femme Fatale: The Aura Anthology released: 2003
- Nico in Tokyo released: 2003
- Femme Fatale released: 2002
- Innocent & Vain released: 2002
- Janitor of Lunacy released: 2001
- In Europe: Do or Die, Diary 1982 released: 2000
- The Classic Years released: 1998
- 1972-01-29: Le Bataclan, Paris, France released: 1997
- Icon released: 1996
- Live in Pécs 1985 released: 1994
- Heroine released: 1994
- Nico's Last Concert "Fata Morgana" released: 1994
- Do Or Die! released: 1993
- The Marble Index released: 1991
- June 1, 1974 released: 1990
- Hanging Gardens released: 1989
- Camera Obscura released: 1988
- The Blue Angel released: 1986
- Live Heroes released: 1986
- Behind the Iron Curtain released: 1986
- Drama of Exile released: 1981
- The End... released: 1974
- Desertshore released: 1970
- Down for You Is Up released:
- Abschied released:
- The Bedroom Tape released:
- Chelsea Girl released:
- Chelsea Girl Live released:
Le Bataclan '72
Released 2014- Waiting for the Man
- Berlin
- Black Angel's Death Song
- Wild Child
- Heroin
- Ghost Story
- The Biggest, Loudest, Hairiest Group of All
- Empty Bottles
- Femme Fatale
- No One Is There
- Frozen Warnings
- Janitor of Lunacy
- I'll Be Your Mirror
- All Tomorrow's Parties (encore)
- Pale Blue Eyes (rehearsal)
- Candy Says (rehearsal)
The Frozen Borderline
Released 2007- Prelude
- Lawns of Dawns
- No One Is There
- Ari's Song
- Facing the Wind
- Julius Caesar (Memento Hodie)
- Frozen Warnings
- Evening of Light
- Sagen Die Gelehrten
- Rêve Réveiller
- Roses in the Snow (alternate version)
- Nibelungen (complete version)
- Lawns of Dawns (alternate version)
- No One Is There (alternate version)
- Ari's Song (alternate version)
- Facing the Wind (alternate version)
- Julius Caesar (alternate version)
- Frozen Warnings (alternate version)
- Evening of Light (alternate version)
The Bedroom Tape
- [conversation]
- [unknown]
- [conversation]
- These Days
- [conversation]
- [conversation]
- Secret Side (a capella)
- All Tomorrow's Parties
- All Tomorrow's Parties
- [conversation]
- [Lou tuning]
- [more tuning]
- All Tomorrow's Parties
- [conversation] / [Lou runs through All Tomorrow's Parties]
- All Tomorrow's Parties / [conversation]
- These Days
- [conversation]
- These Days
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- [conversation]
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- [conversation]
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- [conversation] / [playback of the tape Nico's been recording]
- Little Sister
- [conversation]
- Little Sister
- Little Sister
- [conversation]
- All Tomorrow's Parties
- I'll Be Your Mirror
- Femme Fatale
- [conversation]
- [conversation]
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- [conversation]
- I'll Keep It With Mine (false start)
- I'll Keep It With Mine
- [conversation] / [playback of the tape Nico's been recording]
- [Jesse James and other folk songs]
- Little Queenie
- Little Sister
- Little Sister
- [conversation]
- [playback of the tape Nico's been recording] / [conversation]
- All Tomorrow's Parties
- [conversation] / [playback of the tape Nico's been recording]
- All Tomorrow's Parties / Somebody / [conversation]
Born: 1938-10-16
Died: 1988-07-18
nico
ALBUMS
- SNK PLAYMORE 2009-2010 SONGS BEST SELECTION released: 2010
Nico
ALBUMS
Nico
ALBUMS
- Yo soy así released:
Nico
ALBUMS
- Adventures in Dubstep and Beyond, Volume 1 released: 2010
Nico
ALBUMS
- The Velvet Underground & Nico released: 2012
- Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008 released: 2008
- Sud Stil: Hip-hop grupa mare released: 2003
Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008
Released 2008- Andorra: Casanova
- Albania: Zemrën E Lamë Peng
- Armenia: Qele Qele
- Azerbaijan: Day After Day
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Pokušaj
- Belgium: O Julissi
- Bulgaria: DJ, Take Me Away
- Belarus: Hasta la vista
- Switzerland: Era stupendo
- Cyprus: Femme Fatale
- Czech Republic: Have Some Fun
- Germany: Disappear
- Denmark: All Night Long
- Estonia: Leto svet
- Spain: Baila el Chiki Chiki
- Finland: Missä miehet ratsastaa
- France: Divine
- United Kingdom: Even If
- Georgia: Peace Will Come
- Greece: Secret Combination
- Croatia: Romanca
Nico
ALBUMS
- Bundesvision Songcontest 2014 released: 2014
- Anarcho released: 2008
- Juice, Volume 77 released: 2007
- Glück und Benzin released:
Latest News for: layer 1 nico
Lauren Sanchez celebrates 'best friend' Eva Longoria's 50th birthday with heartfelt tribute | Daily Mail Online
How To Recreate Chloé’s Foolproof French Girl Beauty Look At Home
- 1