A three-surface aircraft or sometimes three-lifting-surface aircraft has a foreplane, a central wing and a tailplane. The central wing surface always provides lift and is usually the largest, while the functions of the fore and aft planes may vary between types and may include lift, control and/or stability.
In civil aircraft the three surface configuration may be used to give safe stalling characteristics and short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance. It is also claimed to allow minimizing the total wing surface area, reducing the accompanying skin drag. In combat aircraft this configuration may also be used to enhance maneuverability both before and beyond the stall, often in conjunction with vectored thrust.
An early designation used in 1911 was "Three plane system". The Fernic designs of the 1920s were referred to as "tandem". While there are indeed two lifting wing surfaces in tandem, the tailplane forms a third horizontal surface.
During the pioneer years of aviation a number of aircraft were flown with both fore and aft auxiliary surfaces. The issue of horizontal stability was poorly understood and typically pitch control was on the front surface with the rear surface also lifting, leading to instability problems. The Kress Drachenflieger of 1901 and Dufaux triplane of 1908 had insufficient power to take off. More successful types included the Voisin-Farman I (1907) and Curtiss No. 1 (1909). The Wright Brothers too experimented on the basic Flyer design in an effort to obtain both controllability and stability, flying it at various times in first canard, then three surface and finally conventional configurations. By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the rear surface had become the conventional configuration and few three surface types would be flown for many years. The Fokker V.8 of 1917 and Caproni Ca.60 Noviplano of 1921 were both failures.
LSC may refer to:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) is a scientific collaboration of international physics institutes and research groups dedicated to the search for gravitational waves.
LSC members have access to the US-based Advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford, Washington and in Livingston, Louisiana, as well as the GEO 600 detector in Sarstedt, Germany. Under an agreement with the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), known as the LSC–Virgo Collaboration (LVC), LSC members also have access to data from the Virgo detector in Pisa, Italy.
Current LSC spokesperson is Gabriela González from Louisiana State University. Executive director is David Reitze from the University of Florida.
On 11 February 2016, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced that they succeeded in making the first direct gravitational wave observation on 14 September 2015.
Membership of LIGO Scientific Collaboration as of November 2015 is detailed in the table below.
I heard she broke your heart
And you're too blind to see
How foolish that you are
Instead of her, you could have me
And maybe I'm a fool
But I keep waiting for you
I hope that you will see
What you mean to me
So, tell me baby
How can I change your mind?
To leave that girl behind
Or am I wasting time?
So, tell me baby
How can I change your mind?
To leave that girl behind
Or am I wasting time?
So, tell me baby
I heard she broke your heart
And you're too blind to see
How foolish that you are
Instead of her, you could have me
And maybe I'm a fool
And maybe I'm a fool
But I keep waiting for you
I hope that you will see
What you mean to me
So, tell me baby
How can I change your mind?
To leave that girl behind
Or am I wasting time?
So, tell me baby
How can I change your mind?
To leave that girl behind
Or am I wasting time?