Backbone

Backbone is the Vertebral column of a vertebrate organism. It may also refer to:

Business

Technology

Geography

Film

Music

Albums

Backbone (magazine)

Backbone (ISSN 1498-086X) is a Canadian business magazine and companion website that examine the role of technology and innovation within the context of Canadian business and economy. It keeps readers up to date on new ideas, trends and innovations in the technology world, and delivers information that related to the day-to-day operation of Canadian companies of all sizes.

In addition to its core focus on practical business insights, Backbone delivers stories on the role of digital media and technology on lifestyle and culture.

Backbone is published by Publimedia Communications Inc. The print magazine was distributed six times a year. Its stated average readership was 306,000. The first print issue of the magazine was released in January 2001. For many years during the print magazine's run, it was the only magazine focused on Canadian business and technology.

On March 13, 2015 the magazine's publisher and founder, Steve Dietrich, announced the print publication would cease, but that the website would continue. A decline in advertising revenue was stated by Dietrich as the prime reason.

Backbone chain

Main chain
Backbone
That linear chain to which all other chains, long or short or both,
may be regarded as being pendant.

Note: Where two or more chains could equally be considered to be the
main chain, that one is selected which leads to the simplest representation
of the molecule.

In polymer science, the backbone chain or main chain of a polymer is the series of covalently bounded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule.

Character of the backbone

In a way the character of the backbone chain depends on the type of polymerization: in step-growth polymerization the monomer moiety becomes the backbone, and thus the backbone is typically functional, like in polythiophenes or low band gap polymers in organic semiconductors. In chain-growth polymerization, typically applied for alkenes, the backbone is not functional, but is bearing the functional side chains or pendant groups. However, in polypeptides, the backbone is as important for the functionality of the polymer as the side chains. The backbone in polypeptides consists of carbon and nitrogen atoms of the constituent amino acids and does not include the side chains.

Kim Dae-jung

Kim Dae-jung (Korean pronunciation: [kimdɛdʑuŋ]; 6 January 1924 – 18 August 2009) was the 8th President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient. He was sometimes called as "Nelson Mandela of Asia".

Early life and education

Kim was born on 6 January 1924, but he later registered his birth date to 3 December 1925 to avoid conscription during the time when Korea was under Japanese colonial rule. Kim was the second of seven children to middle-class farmers. Kim was born in Sinan in what was then the Jeolla province; the city is now in Jeollanam-do. Kim's family had moved to the nearby port city of Mokpo so that he could finish high school. Kim graduated from Mokpo Commercial High School in 1943 at the top of the class. After working as a clerk for a Japanese-owned shipping company during the Imperial Japanese occupation of Korea, he became its owner and became very rich. Kim escaped Communist capture during the Korean War.

Kim first entered politics in 1954 during the administration of Korea's first president, Syngman Rhee. Although he was elected as a representative for the National Assembly in 1961, a military coup led by Park Chung-hee, who later assumed dictatorial powers, voided the elections. He was able to win a seat in the House in the subsequent elections in 1963 and 1967 and went on to become an eminent opposition leader. As such, he was the natural opposition candidate for the country's presidential election in 1971. He nearly defeated Park, despite several handicaps on his candidacy which were imposed by the ruling regime.