Gill

A gill (ⁱ/ɡɪl/) is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment.

Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb adequate oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without a gill. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills.

Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen that air does. A cubic meter of air contains about 250 grams of oxygen at STP. The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than air and it diffuses more slowly. In fresh water, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm³/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm³/L. Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life. Rather than using lungs, "[g]asesous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."

Gill, Massachusetts

Gill is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,500 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The campus of Northfield Mount Hermon School is located in the Mount Hermon section of the town.

History

Prior to the arrival of English colonists, the Massachusetts portion of the Connecticut River valley was occupied by the Nipmuc, an Algonquin-speaking tribe. A site on the river near the great falls shows evidence of human habitation dating back 10,000 years or more. In the 1670s the Nipmuc had a village called Peskeompscut in that area. During King Philip's War in 1676, Captain William Turner led 150 colonists in an attack on this settlement, in which several hundred Indians (mostly women, children, and elderly) were slain. The falls came to be known as Turners Falls after Turner, who was slain in the battle. (The falls thereafter gave that name to the village of Turners Falls in neighboring Montague.)

Gill (Buckinghamshire cricketer)

Gill (Buckinghamshire cricketer) (first name and dates of birth and death unknown) was a noted All-England cricketer of the 18th century who was a prominent wicketkeeper. Personal details of Gill, including his first name, have not been found in surviving records.

Gill was active in the period before cricket's statistical record began in the 1772 season and his name appears in the first scorecard of that season. However, it was the last time he is recorded as he must have reached the end of his career. He was previously recorded in the All-England team that played two matches against Dartford in 1759 and it is here that he is named as a wicketkeeper from Buckinghamshire.

Gill's career therefore spanned at least the 1759 to 1772 seasons and, given his involvement in All-England teams at both ends of that span, there can be little doubt that he was one of the most accomplished wicketkeepers of the 1760s, a period from which unfortunately little information has survived.

Kayleigh

"Kayleigh" is a song by the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion. It was released as the first single from the concept album Misplaced Childhood. It remains the group's most successful single in terms of chart position, becoming a number two hit. It was kept from the UK number one spot by charity single "You'll Never Walk Alone" by supergroup The Crowd in the summer of 1985. It also made the top 10 in Ireland, Norway and France. "Kayleigh" is the band's sole appearance on the USA's Billboard Hot 100, hitting number 74 in October 1985.

The song received a great deal of media exposure in the UK. 41 Independent Local Radio stations in Britain had the track A-rated on their playlists and it became the most played single on BBC Radio 1. The band also made appearances on television shows such as Wogan and Top of the Pops. The promotional video for the single was shot in Berlin, where the Misplaced Childhood album was recorded, and featured Tamara Nowy, a German woman who subsequently married lead singer Fish, and Robert Mead, the boy portrayed on the sleeve of the album and the single. The song was performed by Fish at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium, with Midge Ure on guitar and Phil Collins on drums.

List of minor planets: 202001–203000

This is a list of minor planets with numbers 202,001–203,000. To navigate the full list see List of minor planets § Main index.

202001–202100

202101–202200

202201–202300

202301–202400

202401–202500

202501–202600

202601–202700

202701–202800

202801–202900

202901–203000

References