Kaliningrad Oblast
Since 1945, the Kaliningrad Oblast (Russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Kaliningradskaya oblast) has been a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), on the Baltic coast. It is an exclave, with no land connection to the rest of Russia. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 941,873.
Kaliningrad Oblast lies in the northern part of historical East Prussia (German: Nord-Ostpreußen). It was once inhabited by the Sambians (speakers of the old Baltic language). They became extinct around 17th century, after they were conquered by the Teutonic Knights and exposed to assimilation and Germanization. Then it was a part of the Prussian state and of Germany until 1945. That year, it was conquered by the Soviet Union and annexed into it under border changes promulgated in the Potsdam Agreement, when it was attached to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The other two-thirds of East Prussia were annexed by Poland and form the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
Most of its German population were killed or fled westward to what would become West and East Germany during the last months of the war. Others were expelled between 1944 and 1950. Since 1945, ethnic Russians settled the province, and have become the majority group. The Soviet government offered the territory to the Lithuanian SSR during the 1950s and, in the Gorbachev era, to Germany in 1990 (against payment); both offers were refused. The offer to Germany had been made secretly, and the Kaliningrad Russians were furious to learn of the talks.