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South Point Complex
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Rocky cliffs of Ka Lae
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| Location: | Big Island of Hawaii |
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| Nearest city: | Nā'ālehu |
| Coordinates: | 18°54′40″N 155°40′52″W / 18.9111°N 155.681111°WCoordinates: 18°54′40″N 155°40′52″W / 18.9111°N 155.681111°W |
| Area: | 710 acres (290 ha) |
| Governing body: | United States Coast Guard |
| NRHP Reference#: | 66000291[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP: | October 15, 1966[1] |
| Designated NHLD: | December 29, 1962[2] |
Ka Lae (Hawaiian: the point), also known as South Point, is the southernmost point of the Big Island of Hawaii and of the 50 United States. The Ka Lae area is registered as a National Historic Landmark District under the name South Point Complex. The area is also known for its strong ocean currents and winds and is the home of a wind farm.
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Geography [link]
The name for the southern tip of the island of Hawaiʻi comes from Ka Lae in the Hawaiian language which means "the point".[3] It is often spelled as one word, Kalae, or called South Point or South Cape.[4] A confluence of ocean currents just offshore makes this spot one of Hawaii's most popular fishing spots. Both red snapper and ulua are plentiful here. Locals fish from the cliffs, some dangling perilously over the edge of steep lava ledges. Swimming here, however, is not recommended, due to the current. In fact, it is called the "Halaea Current", named after a chief who was carried off to his death.[5]
The confluence of currents also means the area is prone to accumulation of marine debris. Most of this coastline is very remote and difficult to access, and is probably the most debris-littered coast in the state, primarily due to its difficult access for debris removal. This debris poses an entanglement threat to wildlife and may refloat during storms. The shoreline is used by Hawaiian Monk Seals and hatchling Hawksbill turtles, both endangered species. Efforts to clean the coastline are organized by the Hawaii Wildlife Fund in conjunction with the NOAA.[6]
Ka Lae is accessible via South Point Road, a 20-mile (32 km) tarmac road leading from State Route 11 (Hawaii Belt Road), the turn off being about 7 miles (11 km) west of the village of Nāʻālehu and east of Ocean View, Hawaii. The strong winds cause some trees to become almost horizontal with their branches all growing in the same direction near the ground. The Kamaoa and Pakini Nui Wind Farms are located along the road, as well as the large shortwave radio antennas of World Harvest Radio International which used callsign KWHR until 2009.[7] A 13-meter parabolic antenna of the Universal Space Network of the Swedish Space Corporation.[8] A fork is at the end of the tarmac road, with one dirt road leading to Ka Lae and the other to Papakolea Beach, known for its green sand.
History [link]
South Point archaeological site [link]
Ka Lae is the site of one of the earliest Hawaiian settlements, and it has one of the longest archaeological records on the islands.[2] It is generally thought that this is where the Polynesians first landed because the Big Island is the closest of the Hawaiian Islands to Tahiti, and Ka Lae would be the point of first landfall.[9] Ruins of an ancient Hawaiian temple (heiau) and a fishing shrine can be found here. In addition, ancient Hawaiians drilled numerous holes in the rock ledges to use for mooring their canoes. Tying long ropes to their boats, they would drift out to sea to fish without fear of being carried away by the strong currents.[10] Evidence suggests that people have been in the area since around A.D. 124.[2][5] It was excavated by the Bishop Museum.[citation needed]
Ka Lae light [link]
On March 5, 1906 a small lighthouse opened at the point. In 1908 about 10 acres (4.0 ha) were set aside for the United States Coast Guard to build a house for a keeper. At the request of William Tufts Brigham of the Bishop Museum, care was taken not to destroy the archaeological site. In 1929 a steel tower was built for the light, and in 1972 a new 32 foot (10m) concrete tower with solar power.[11][12]
A NOAA Weather Radio transmitter broadcasts weather reports from KBA99 with callsign WWG27 on 162.55 MHz.[13] A weather station also monitors wind speed.[14]
Recent history [link]
During World War II, the US Air Force built a landing strip called Morse Field on the point. After the war the airfield was closed in 1953.[15] In 1961 it was on the list of final sites to be considered by NASA to launch manned rockets to space. However, it was considered too remote.[16] From 1964 to 1965 a space tracking station was operated, and in 1979 as a missile launching site.[17] The low latitude of the location also made it (and nearby areas that are as remote) attractive as a site for private rocket launches, but these plans were dropped in the face of high costs and local opposition.[18]
In 1987 the Kamaoa Wind Farm began operation with thirty-seven Mitsubishi 250 kW wind turbines with an operationally typical total peak output of 7.5 MW.[19] By 2006 the turbines at 18°59′33″N 155°40′5″W / 18.9925°N 155.66806°W were falling into disrepair, and they were finally shut down on August 15, 2006. At the end of August 2006, components for a new set of wind turbines were transported to South Point. The Pakini Nui project consists of 14 General Electric wind turbines constructed at 18°58′20″N 155°41′21″W / 18.97222°N 155.68917°W, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the old Kamaoa wind farm. Completed in April 2007, Pakini Nui supplies up to 20.5 MW of power to the island electricity grid of Hawaii Electric Light Company.[20] The wind farm is operated by Tawhiri Power, LLC. It is the southernmost wind farm in the United States.[21] The turbines of the old wind farm are scheduled to be removed in April 2012.[22]
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09. https://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html.
- ^ a b c "South Point Complex". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. https://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=182&ResourceType=District. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel Hoyt Elbert and Esther T. Mookini (2004). "lookup of Ka Lae ". in Place Names of Hawai'i. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/hdict?j=pp&l=en&q=Ka+Lae&d=. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kalae
- ^ a b "Kaʻu". Coffee Times. https://www.coffeetimes.com/kau.htm.
- ^ "Marine Debris Removal from the Waiohinu-Ka Lae Coast Hawaii Island". Marine Debris Program. NOAA. September 18, 2006. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/about/waiohinu_removal.html.
- ^ "Station Record - KWHR". Federal Communications Commission. https://www.fcc.gov/ib/sand/neg/hf_web/KWHR.txt. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "PrioraNet site locations" Hawaii RGS". web site. Universal Space Network. https://www.uspacenetwork.com/site_locations/hawaii_01.html. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "Ka Lae, Ka'u, Kailua-Kona". Kailua-Kona Travel Guide. Virtual Tourist. October 5, 2002. https://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/Hawaii_State_of/Hawaii_Big_Island/Kailua_Kona-772371/Off_the_Beaten_Path-Kailua_Kona-Ka_Lae_Kau-BR-1.html.
- ^ Bendure, Glenda; Friary, Ned (September 1997). "Hawaii — The Big Island". Hawaii (4th ed. ed.). Australia: Lonely Planet. pp. 327–28. ISBN 0-86442-489-2.
- ^ "Minor light of Hawai'i - Ka Lae, HI". Lighthouse Friends web site. https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=914. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ Love Dean (1991). The lighthouses of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1319-2.
- ^ "NOAA Weather Radio WWG27". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/Maps/PHP/site.php?State=HI&Site=WWG27. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "South Point, Hawaii ARC Wind Sensor". National Weather Service. https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/display_arc.php?site=AR03. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ Pauk Freeman (January 1, 2010). "Morse Field, South Point, HI". Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Hawaii, Hawaii island. https://members.tripod.com/Airfields_freeman/HI/Airfields_HI_Hawaii.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ Cliff Lethbridge (2000). "Space Program Has A Space Problem And A New Spaceport Is Born". History of Cape Canaveral. https://spaceline.org/capehistory/3a.html. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "South Cape (Morse Field) Airport". Hawaii Aviation Archive. State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Airports Division. https://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-airfields-airports/hawaii/morse-field. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ Jonathan Eberhart (Mar 26, 1988). "Hawaii: A Stepping Stone to Space?". Science news. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hawaii:+a+stepping+stone+to+space%3F-a06542759.
- ^ "History of Wind Energy Projects in Hawaii". State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism web site. April 15, 2002. https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wwg/history.html. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ Associated Press (July 20, 2007). "Big Isle wind farm boosts grid". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. https://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/07/20/news/story11.html. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "Pakini Nui Find Farm". Tawhiri Power LLC web site. https://www.tawhiri.us. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ bizjournals.com (March 30, 2012). "Apollo Energy removing old wind turbines on Big Island". bizjournals.com. https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2012/03/apollo-energy-removing-old-wind.html. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
External links [link]
- "South Point Hawaii". community web site. 2004. https://www.southpointhawaii.com. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- Pictures of Ka Lae
- Pictures of the Ka Lae Light
- "U.S. Wind Energy Projects - Hawaii". Wind Energy Association web site. December 31, 2009. https://www.awea.org/projects/Projects.aspx?s=Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-15.[dead link]
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Lae
Lae(/ˈlæɪ/) is the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea. It is located near the delta of the Markham River and at the start of the Highlands Highway, which is the main land transport corridor between the Highlands region and the coast. Lae is the largest cargo port of the country and is the industrial hub of Papua New Guinea. The city is known as the Garden City and home of the University of Technology.
History
Lucas (1972) describes the history of Lae into four periods; the mission phase (1886–1920), the gold phase (1926 until World War II), the timber and agricultural phase (until 1965) and the industrial boom (from 1965 with the opening of the Highlands Highway
Between 1884 and 1918 the German New Guinea Company established trading posts in Kaiser Wilhelmsland, German New Guinea and on 12 July 1886, a German missionary, Johann Flierl, a pioneer missionary for the Southern Australian Lutheran Synod and the Neuendettelsau Mission Society, sailed to Simbang in Finschhafen, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and arrived at Lae shortly after.
Lae Atoll
Lae Atoll (Marshallese: Lae, [lʲæ͡ɑɑ̯ɛ̯ɛɛ̯]) is a coral atoll of 20 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 1.5 square kilometres (0.58 sq mi), but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 17.7 square kilometres (6.8 sq mi). It is located approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) east of Ujae Atoll. The population of Lae Atoll was 319 in 1998.
History
Lae Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, Lae came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It has been part of the independent Republic of the Marshall Islands since 1986.
References
External links
LAE
LAE may refer to:
