Submarine sandwich

A submarine sandwich, also known as a sub, wedge, hoagie, hero, grinder, or one of the many regional naming variations, is a type of sandwich that consists of a long roll of bread split widthwise into two pieces, and filled with a variety of meats, cheeses, vegetables, seasonings, and sauces. The sandwich has no standardized name, and many U.S. regions have their own names for it; one study found 13 different names for the sandwich in the United States. The usage of the several terms varies regionally but not in any pattern, as they have been used variously by the people and enterprises who make and sell them. The terms submarine and sub are widespread and not assignable to any certain region, though many of the localized terms are clustered in the northeastern United States.

History and etymology

The sandwich originated in several different Italian American communities in the Northeastern United States from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Portland, Maine claims to be the birthplace of the "Italian sandwich" and it is considered Maine's signature sandwich. The popularity of this Italian-American cuisine has grown from its origins in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts to most parts of the United States, Canada, and with the advent of chain restaurants, is now available in many parts of the world.

Wedge prism

The wedge prism is a prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. This angle is usually 3 degrees or less. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from the prism.

Deflection angle

For a wedge prism in air, rays of light passing through the prism are deflected by the angle δ, which is approximately given by

where n is the index of refraction of the prism material, and α is the angle between the prism's surfaces.

Applications

The term "optical wedge" refers to any shallow angle between two plane surfaces of a window. This wedge may range from a few millionths of a degree of perfect parallelism to as much as three degrees of angle. Even though high-precision optics, such as optical flats, may be lapped and polished to extremely high levels of parallelism, nearly all optics with parallel faces have some slight wedge. This margin of error is usually listed in minutes or seconds of arc. Windows manufactured with an intentional wedge are often referred to as wedge prisms, and typically come with wedge angles of one, two, or three degrees. Many applications exist for wedge prisms, including laser-beam steering, rangefinding and variable focusing.

Wedge (mechanical device)

A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, and is a portable inclined plane, and one of the six classical simple machines.It is thick at one end and thin at the other end. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place. It functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces. The mechanical advantage of a wedge is given by the ratio of the length of its slope to its width. Although a short wedge with a wide angle may do a job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a narrow angle.

History

Perhaps the first example of a wedge is the hand axe, also see biface and Olorgesailie. Wedges have been around for thousands of years, they were first made of simple stone. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, generally flint, to form a bifacial edge, or wedge. A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. The available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement. This amplification, or mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα, where α is the tip angle. The faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a sliding or prismatic joint.

Jupiter (roller coaster)

Jupiter (Japanese: ジュピター) is a wooden roller coaster at Kijima Kogen, an amusement park in Beppu, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

Opening in 1992 (although other sources report that it opened in 1993), Jupiter was the first wooden roller coaster in Japan and the only wooden roller coaster in Japan until White Canyon opened at Yomiuriland amusement park and White Cyclone opened at Nagashima Spa Land amusement park (both in 1994). At over 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) in length, Jupiter is the 7th longest wooden roller coaster in the world.

History

Although Japan has had numerous notable roller coasters—including coasters that have held the record of world's longest, world's fastest, and world's tallest roller coaster—it has had relatively few wooden roller coasters. This resulted from Japanese earthquake engineering regulations that restricted the construction of tall wooden structures. It was not until after these restrictions were modified that Jupiter (and later White Canyon and White Cyclone) could be constructed.

Jupiter (magazine)

Jupiter is a science fiction magazine and is edited by Ian Redman. The magazine was first published in July 2003. Based in the United Kingdom, Jupiter has garnered a solid reputation as a dependable small press in its respective field, as noted by SF Crowsnest, and is a publication which SFRevue calls "an amusing journey".Jupiter, published four times a year, is produced in a minimalist style (i.e. monochrome cover, no interior illustrations, brief editorial, no non-fiction and stapled in the middle). Each issue is named after one of the Jovian satellites, with the traditional number of the moon matching the issue number of the magazine.

While the strength of each issue wavers—and although there is no pay—this has not stopped Jupiter from attracting rising stars in the field of speculative fiction, such as the Clarke-Bradbury award winner Lavie Tidhar, David Ireland, Eric S. Brown, David Conyers, Peter Tennant, Andrew Hook and Anubis nominee Carmelo Rafala.

References

External links

Jupiter (Starfucker album)

Jupiter is the second studio album by the Portland based indie rock band Starfucker. It was originally released as an mini-LP on May 5, 2009, through Badman Recording Co., and was re-released on January 10, 2012, as a full album with three new tracks as well as updated artwork and mixes of the previously-existing tracks.

Track listing

All lyrics written by Joshua Hodges; except where indicated, all music composed by Starfucker; except where indicated.

Note: “Cemetery,” “Queen Latifah” and “Jamie” were not included on the original 2009 release, but were added for the 2012 re-release.

References